Well done: Utah-made drill gives millions access to clean water | Rock Drill Bit Grinding Machine

Microbes rule the world, both above and below ground. This image depicts a performance piece of art wherein an artist, having shook hands with plenty of people, has mapped out the diverse microbial communities he has come into contact with as a result.François-Joseph Lapointe, Université de Montréal/Wellcome Collection

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"The profiles show temperature anomalies in the top few hundred metres that is consistent with changing surface temperature over the past two-three centuries," it further said.

The stimulation stage will take about one month to complete, and will be followed by an analysis of water flows in the bedrock. This analysis stage could take up to nine  months, with further development of drilling technology occurring during the pause in drilling operations. The drilling rig will be dismantled and removed from the site when this intermission begins.

An intervention could take a variety of forms. It could be large grants for research to find better sorbent materials, for instance, which would be similar to government investments that long ago helped nurture the solar- and wind-power industries. But help could also come by expanding regulations that already exist. A new and obscure United States tax provision, known as 45Q and signed last year by President Trump, offers a tax credit of up to $50 a ton for companies that bury CO₂ in geologic formations. The credit can benefit oil and gas firms that pump CO₂ underground during drilling work, as well as power plants that capture emissions directly from their smokestacks. Yet it could be used by Climeworks too, should it open plants in the United States — but only if it manages to remove and bury 100,000 tons of CO₂ per year.

Both drills were similarly effective, which was measured by using each to drill three 100 mm holes into cured concrete block.

After his dream about the drill, and a series of fortuitous connections, BYU students Devin LeBaron, Eric Jammohamed, Jimmy Stacey, Ken Langely, Nathan Toone and Sabin Gautam worked on the design for eight months as a BYU Capstone project.

- Sustaining capital increased marginally from $1.0 million to $1.3 million due to spending on mining components.

The advent of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s re-focused interest on MC as a means of prevention of not just HIV, but other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and adverse medical conditions. This has led to MC programs in high-HIV prevalence settings of sub-Saharan Africa focused on men for more immediate reductions in HIV incidence, but considerable interest has also been given to encouraging infant MC for longer-term gains [10, 11]. There have as well been recent calls for the promotion of infant MC in the USA [12, 13], the UK [14], Australia [15] and sub-Saharan Africa [16, 17].

Structural problems with the borehole itself are much more serious. Modes of catastrophic failure generally involve the collapse of casings or screens, rendering the borehole unusable. Fortunately, such events occur relatively infrequently.

Having understood the hydrogeology of a site and the depth of the target aquifer, the borehole needs to be designed. Commercial boreholes typically comprise a permanent, grouted steel casing at the top of the borehole to provide a sanitary seal and prevent ingress of poor quality surface waters. The casing may also be used to case out ‘unwanted formations’ that could be unstable or yield water of a poor quality. Below this, a borehole may be ‘open-hole’ (unlined) or lined with a slotted well screen and casing, dependent on the stability and nature of the target aquifer formation. A number of drilling methods exist and a range of materials can be used in the construction of a borehole, depending on depth and the exact geology likely to be encountered.

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