Lapha e-United States sasivame ukubhekisela emhubheni ngokubhoboza nokuqhuma ngokuthi umhubhe “ovamile,” engicabanga ukuthi ushiya umhubhe nge-TBM noma ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezizobizwa ngokuthi “Okungajwayelekile.”Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-TBM kuya ngokuya kuba yivelakancane ukwenza umhubhe ngokubhoboza-nokuqhuma futhi ngenxa yalokho singase sifune ukucabanga ngokuphendula inkulumo bese siqala ukubhekisela emhubheni ngokubhoboza nokuqhuma njengokuthi “okungajwayelekile. ” umhubhe.
Umhubhe ngokubhoboza nokuqhunyiswa kuseyindlela ejwayeleke kakhulu embonini yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba kanti i-Tunneling yamaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda kuya ngokuya kuba umhubhe owenziwe ngemishini yi-TBM noma ezinye izindlela.Kodwa-ke, emihubheni emifushane, yezingxenye ezinkulu eziphambanayo, ukwakhiwa komgede, ukuwela, amaphaseji, ama-shafts, ama-penstocks, njll., i-Drill ne-Blast ivame ukuphela kwendlela engenzeka.Nge-Drill and Blast sinethuba lokuguquguquka kakhudlwana ukuze sivumelane namaphrofayili ahlukahlukene uma kuqhathaniswa nomhubhe we-TBM ohlale unikeza ingxenye eyindilinga ephambanayo ikakhulukazi emihubheni enguthelawayeka okubangelwa ukumbiwa okuningi okuhlobene nendawo enqamulayo yangempela edingekayo.
Emazweni aseNordic lapho ukwakheka kokwakheka komhlaba kokwakhiwa ngaphansi komhlaba kuvame ukuba ku-Granite eqinile eqinile kanye ne-Gneiss eboleka ezimayini ze-Drill ne-Blast ngempumelelo kakhulu nangokongayo.Isibonelo, iStockholm Subway System ngokuvamile iqukethe indawo ye-Rock eveziwe eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa i-Drill and Blast futhi ifuthwe nge-shotcrete njengolayini wokugcina ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi i-Cast-in-Place Lining.
Njengamanje iphrojekthi ye-AECOM, iStockholm Bypass ehlanganisa umgwaqo onguthelawayeka ongu-21 km (13 miles) okuphuma kuwo u-18 km (11 miles) ungaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kweqoqo leziqhingi ezisentshonalanga yeStockholm iyakhiwa, bheka uMfanekiso 1. ukuze kuhlaliswe imizila emithathu ohlangothini ngalunye futhi imizila ephumayo nephumayo exhuma phezulu iyakhiwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Drill ne-Blast.Lolu hlobo lwamaphrojekthi lusancintisana njenge-Drill and Blast ngenxa ye-geology enhle kanye nesidingo sesigaba esiguquguqukayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesikhala.Kule phrojekthi kuye kwathuthukiswa izindlela eziningi zokufinyelela ukuze kuhlukaniswe imihubhe emikhulu emide ibe izihloko eziningi ezizofinyeza sonke isikhathi sokumba umhubhe.Usekelo lokuqala lomhubhe luqukethe ama-rock bolt kanye ne-shotcrete engu-4” kanti umugqa wokugcina uqukethe ulwelwesi olungavimbeli amanzi kanye ne-shotcrete engu-4 inch emiswe ngamabholithi ahlukaniswe amafidi angu-4 no-4, afakwe unyawo olu-1 ukusuka endaweni yedwala elayishiwe, esebenza njengamanzi nesithwathwa. ukwahlukanisa.
I-Norway idlulele nakakhulu uma kuziwa emhubheni we-Drill and Blast futhi eminyakeni edlule iye yalungisa izindlela ze-Drill ne-Blast zaphelela.Njengoba kunezintaba eziphakeme kakhulu eNorway kanye nama-fjord amade kakhulu angena ezweni, isidingo semigudu ngaphansi kwama-fjords kokubili Umgwaqo Omkhulu kanye Nomzila Wesitimela sibaluleke kakhulu futhi singanciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuhamba.I-Norway inemigudu yomgwaqo engaphezu kuka-1000, okuyiyona ehamba phambili emhlabeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNorway futhi iyikhaya lezitshalo ezingenakubalwa zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi ezinemigudu ye-penstock kanye nemigodi eyakhiwe yi-Drill and Blast.Phakathi nesikhathi sika-2015 kuya ku-2018, eNorway kuphela, bekukhona cishe i-5.5 Million CY yokumbiwa kwamatshe angaphansi komhlaba yi-Drill and Blast.Amazwe aseNordic athuthukise indlela ye-Drill and Blast futhi ahlola ubuchwepheshe bayo kanye nesimanjemanje sobuciko emhlabeni jikelele.Futhi, EYurophu Emaphakathi ikakhulukazi emazweni asezintabeni i-Drill and Blast iseyindlela yokuncintisana emhubheni naphezu kobude obude bemigudu.Umehluko omkhulu emigodini ye-Nordics ukuthi iningi lemigudu ye-Alpine inomugqa wokugcina wokukhonkolo we-Cast-In-Place.
ENyakatho Mpumalanga ye-USA, nasezifundeni zase-Rocky Mountains kunezimo ezifanayo njengase-Nordics enamadwala anekhono eliqinile elivumela ukusetshenziswa ngokonga kwe-Drill ne-Blast.Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa i-New York City Subway, i-Eisenhower Tunnel e-Colorado kanye ne-Mt McDonald Tunnel e-Canadian Rockies.
Amaphrojekthi wezokuthutha akamuva eNew York afana ne-Second Avenue Subway esanda kuqedwa noma iphrojekthi ye-East Side Access ibe nenhlanganisela yamathaneli ahamba ngezimayini ze-TBM ne-Station Caverns kanye nezinye izikhala ezisizayo ezenziwe yi-Drill and Blast.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drill jumbos kuye kwavela eminyakeni edlule kusukela ekuzibhobhozelweni okubanjwa ngesandla kwakudala noma i-boom jumbos eyodwa kuya kuzimbombela ngekhompyutha i-Multiple-Boom Jumbos lapho amaphethini okubhoboza afakwa kukhompuyutha esebhodini okuvumela ukubhola ngokushesha nokunemba okuphezulu kuye ekuqaleni. -setha iphethini yokubhola ebalwe ngokunembile.(bheka umfanekiso 2)
I-jumbos yokumba ethuthukisiwe iza njenge-automated ngokugcwele noma i-semi-automated;ngaphambili, ngemva kokuphothulwa kwembobo i-drill iphindela emuva futhi ihamba ngokuzenzakalelayo endaweni elandelayo yembobo bese iqala ukubhoboza ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumiswa ngu-opharetha;kuma-boom we-semi-automatic u-opharetha uhambisa i-drill ukusuka emgodini ukuya emgodini.Lokhu kuvumela u-opharetha oyedwa ukuthi asingathe ngempumelelo ama-jumbos okubhola anama-boom amathathu ngokusetshenziswa kwekhompyutha esebhodini.(bheka umfanekiso wesi-3)
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwama-Rock Drill asuka ku-18, 22, 30 futhi afika ku-40 kW wamandla anomthelela kanye nama-drill amafrikhwensi aphezulu aneziphakeli ezibamba ama-rod angama-20' drifter kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-automated Rod Adding System (RAS), ukuthuthuka nesivinini yokumba ibe ngcono kakhulu ngezinga langempela lokufika kusengaphambili elingafika ku-18' umzuliswano ngamunye kanye nokucwila kwembobo phakathi kuka-8 – 12 ft/min kuye ngohlobo lwetshe kanye nokubhola okusetshenzisiwe.I-3-boom drill jumbo ezenzakalelayo ingakwazi ukubhola u-800 – 1200 ft/hr nge-20 ft Drifter Rods.Ukusetshenziswa kwama-20 FT drifter rods kudinga ubuncane bobukhulu bomhubhe (cishe u-25 FT) ukuze kuvunyelwe ama-rock bolt ukuthi abhojwe ngokuqondana ne-axis yomhubhe kusetshenziswa okokusebenza okufanayo.
Intuthuko yakamuva ukusetshenziswa kwama-jumbos emisebenzi eminingi amisiwe emqheleni womhubhe okuvumela imisebenzi eminingi ukuthi iqhubeke kanyekanye njengokumba nokucwilisa.I-jumbo ingasetshenziswa futhi ukufaka amagida e-lattice kanye ne-shotcrete.Le ndlela yeqa imisebenzi elandelanayo emhubheni okuholela ekongeni isikhathi kushejuli.Bheka uFig 4.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuningi ukushaja izimbobo elolini elishajayo elihlukile, lapho i-drill jumbo isetshenziselwa izihloko eziningi, noma njengesici esakhelwe ngaphakathi ku-drill jumbo lapho kumbiwa isihloko esisodwa, kuya kuvame kakhulu ngaphandle kwalapho. kunemikhawulo yendawo yalolu hlelo lokusebenza.Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, enezimbobo ezimbili noma ezintathu zingashajwa ngesikhathi esisodwa;ukuhlushwa kwe-emulsion kungalungiswa kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izimbobo ezikhokhiswayo.Izimbobo ezisikiwe kanye nezimbobo ezingezansi zivame ukushajwa ngo-100% wokugxilisa ingqondo kuyilapho izimbobo zekhonta zikhokhiswa ukugxiliswa okuncane kakhulu okungama-25%.(bheka umfanekiso 5)
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuningi kudinga i-booster ngendlela yenduku yeziqhumane ezipakishwe (i-primer) ehlangene ne-detonator ifakwe phansi emigodini futhi iyadingeka ukuze kuthungelwe i-emulsion yobuningi ephonswa emgodini.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuningi kunciphisa isikhathi sokushaja esiphelele kunama-cartridges endabuko, lapho izimbobo ezingu-80 - 100 / hr zingashajwa elolini elishajayo elifakwe amaphampu wokushaja amabili kanye nobhasikidi womuntu oyedwa noma ababili ukuze bafinyelele ingxenye egcwele yesiphambano.Bheka Fig.6
Ukusetshenziswa kwesilayishi samasondo namaloli kuseyindlela evame kakhulu yokwenza ukufiphaza kuhlanganiswe ne-Drill kanye ne-Blast yamathaneli anokufinyelela kwe-adit phezulu.Endabeni yokungena ngama-shaft udaka luzothwalwa kakhulu yi-wheel loader luyiswe kushafti lapho luzophakanyiselwa phezulu ukuze luqhubeke nokuthuthwa luyiswe endaweni yokugcina yokulahla.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-crusher ebusweni bomhubhe ukudiliza izingcezu zamatshe amakhulu ukuze kuvunyelwe ukudluliswa kwazo ngebhande lokuthutha ukuletha udaka phezulu kungenye indlela entsha eyathuthukiswa e-Central Europe ngokuvamile emihubheni emide enqamula ezintabeni ze-Alps.Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokucwiliswa, ikakhulukazi emhubheni amade futhi iqeda amaloli emhubheni okubuye kube ngcono indawo yokusebenza futhi kunciphise umthamo wokungenisa umoya odingekayo.Iphinde ikhulule ukuguqula umhubhe ukuze kusebenze ukhonkolo.Inenzuzo eyengeziwe uma idwala lisezingeni elinjalo ukuthi lingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa okuhlanganisiwe.Kulokhu idwala elichotshoziwe lingacutshungulwa kancane ukuze lisebenzise ezinye izinto ezizuzisayo ezifana nezilinganiso zikakhonkolo, i-ballast yesitimela, noma i-pavement.Ukunciphisa isikhathi kusukela ekuqhumeni kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Shotcrete, ezimeni lapho isikhathi sokuma singaba yinkinga, ungqimba lokuqala lwe-shotcrete lungasetshenziswa ophahleni ngaphambi kokuba ukucwiliswa kuqedwe.
Lapho kumbiwa izingxenye ezinkulu eziphambanayo kuhlanganiswe nezimo ezimbi zamatshe indlela ye-Drill and Blast isinika ithuba lokuhlukanisa ubuso nezihloko eziningi futhi sisebenzise indlela yeSequential Excavation Method (SEM) lapho kumbiwa.Isihloko somshayeli ophakathi nendawo esilandelwa ama-drift aseceleni anyakazayo avame ukusetshenziswa ku-SEM emhubheni njengoba kungabonwa ku-Fig 7 lapho kumbiwa isihloko esiphezulu se-86th Street Station kuphrojekthi ye-Second Avenue Subway eNew York.Isihloko esiphezulu sambiwa ngama-drift amathathu, sabe sesilandelwa ukumbiwa kwebhentshi okubili ukuze kuqedelwe ingxenye engu-60' ububanzi no-50' high cavern cross section.
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungena kwamanzi emhubheni ngesikhathi sokumba, i-grouting yangaphambi kokumba ivame ukusetshenziswa.Ukumbiwa kwangaphambi kokumba kwedwala kuyimpoqo e-Scandinavia ukuze kubhekwane nezidingo zemvelo mayelana nokuvuza kwamanzi emhubheni ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokwakha ohlelweni lwamanzi endaweni noma eduze kwayo.I-grouth yangaphambi kokumbiwa ingenziwa kuwo wonke umhubhe noma ezindaweni ezithile lapho isimo samadwala kanye nombuso wamanzi angaphansi kudinga ukukhishwa kwe-grout ukuze kuncishiswe ukungena kwamanzi abe yinani elilawulekayo njengasezindaweni ezinephutha noma zokugunda.Emgodini okhethiwe wangaphambi kokumba, imbobo eyi-4-6 ye-probe iyabhobozwa futhi kuye ngokuthi amanzi akaliwe asuka emigodini yokuhlola maqondana ne-trigger esunguliwe yokumba, ukugaywa kuzosetshenziswa kusetshenziswa usimende noma izixuku zamakhemikhali.
Imvamisa umlandeli wokumba wangaphambi kokumba uqukethe izimbobo eziyi-15 kuye kwezingama-40 (ubude obungamamitha angama-70-80) ezibolwe ngaphambi kobuso futhi zakhishwa ngaphambi kokumbiwa.Inani lemigodi lincike kusayizi womhubhe kanye nenani elilindelwe lamanzi.Ukumba kube sekwenziwa kushiya indawo yokuphepha engu-15-20 ft ngale komzuliswano wokugcina lapho ukuhlola okulandelayo kanye nokumbiwa kwangaphambi kokumba kwenziwa.Ukusebenzisa i-Automated Rod Adding System (RAS), okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, ikwenza kube lula futhi kusheshe ukubhoboza i-probe kanye nezimbobo ze-grout ezinomthamo ongu-300 kuya ku-400 ft/hr.Imfuneko yokumba ngaphambi kokumba ingenzeka futhi ithembekile uma usebenzisa indlela ye-Drill and Blast uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisa i-TBM.
Ukuphepha ku-Drill and Blast tunneling bekulokhu kukhathaza kakhulu kudinga izinhlinzeko ezikhethekile zezinyathelo zokuphepha.Ngaphezu kwezindaba zokuphepha ezivamile emhubheni, ukwakhiwa kwe-Drill kanye ne-Blast izingozi ezisebusweni ezihlanganisa ukubhola, ukushaja, ukukala, ukucwiliswa, njll. kwengeza izingozi ezengeziwe zokuphepha okufanele zibhekwe futhi zihlelelwe.Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kumasu we-Drill and Blast kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokunciphisa ubungozi ezicini zokuphepha, ukuphepha emhubheni kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.Isibonelo, ngokusetshenziswa kwe-automated jumbo drilling enephethini yokubhola elayishwe kukhompuyutha esebhodini, asikho isidingo sokuthi noma ubani abe phambi kwendlu yokubhoboza i-jumbo ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukuchayeka okungenzeka kwabasebenzi ezingozini ezingase zibe khona futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise. ukuphepha kwabo.
Isici esihamba phambili esihlobene nokuphepha kungenzeka i-automated Rod Adding System (RAS).Ngalolu hlelo, ikakhulukazi olusetshenziselwa ukubhoboza imigodi emide ngokuxhumene nokumbiwa kwangaphambi kokumba kanye nokumba imbobo yokuhlola;ukumba okunwetshiwe kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka ku-opharetha cabin futhi kanjalo kuqeda ingozi yokulimala (ikakhulukazi ukulimala kwezandla);ngaphandle kwalokho ukufakwa kwezinduku kwenziwa mathupha abasebenzi bechayeka ekulimaleni lapho bengeza izinduku ngesandla.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) yakhipha ngo-2018 ukushicilelwa kwayo No. 27 enesihloko esithi "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunneling".Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngendlela ehlelekile ngezinyathelo ezihlobene nempilo, ukuphepha kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo ngesikhathi somhubhe kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-Drill and Blast futhi inikeza umkhuba ongcono kakhulu kubaqashi, izinduna kanye nabasebenzi bokwakha umhubhe.Ukushicilelwa kubonisa isimo sobuciko ekuphepheni kokwakhiwa kwe-Drill ne-Blast, futhi kungadawunilodeka mahhala kuwebhusayithi ye-Norwegian Tunneling Society: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
I-Drill kanye ne-Blast esetshenziswe emcabangweni olungile, ngisho namathaneli amade, okungenzeka ukuhlukanisa ubude kube izihloko eziningi, kusengaba enye indlela esebenzayo.Intuthuko enkulu yenziwe muva nje ezintweni zokusebenza nezinto eziholela ekuphepheni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokusebenza kahle okwandisiwe.Nakuba ukumba okwenziwa ngomshini kusetshenziswa i-TBM kuvame ukuba kulungele kakhulu emathaneli amade anesigaba esiphambanayo esingashintshi, nokho uma kwenzeka kuba nokuphuka kwe-TBM okuholela ekumisweni isikhathi eside, wonke umhubhe uyama kuyilapho ekusebenzeni kwe-Drill ne-Blast enezihloko eziningi. ukwakhiwa kusengaqhubeka ngisho noma isihloko esisodwa sihlangabezana nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe.
U-Lars Jennemyr ungunjiniyela Wokwakhiwa KweTunnel ehhovisi le-AECOM eNew York.Unesipiliyoni sesikhathi sokuphila kumaphrojekthi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namathaneli avela emhlabeni wonke okuhlanganisa iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, i-Canada kanye ne-USA kumaphrojekthi wezokuthutha, amanzi kanye namanzi.Unolwazi oluningi emhubheni ojwayelekile kanye nemishini.Ubuchwepheshe bakhe obukhethekile buhlanganisa ukwakhiwa komhubhe wamadwala, ukwakhiwa, nokuhlela ukwakha.Phakathi kwamaphrojekthi akhe yile: I-Second Avenue Subway, i-86th St. Station eNew York;isandiso se-Subway Line engunombolo-7 eNew York;i-Regional Connector kanye ne-Purple Line Extension e-Los Angeles;Umhubhe wedolobha eMalmo, eSweden;i-Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, eSri Lanka;I-Uri Hydro Power Project eNdiya;kanye noHlelo Lwesu Lokuthuthwa Kwendle laseHong Kong.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-01-2020