Apha e-United States sasidla ngokubhekisa kutonela ngo-drill-and-blast njengendawo “eqhelekileyo” yetonela, endiqikelela ukuba ishiya itonela yi-TBM okanye ezinye iindlela zoomatshini ekubhekiselwa kuzo “njengengaqhelekanga.”Nangona kunjalo, ngokuvela kwetekhnoloji ye-TBM iya ithandeka ngakumbi nangakumbi yokwenza itonela ngo-drill-and-blast kwaye ngenxa yoko sinokufuna ukucinga malunga nokujika intetho kwaye siqale ukubhekisa kwitonela ngo-drill-and-blast “njengengaqhelekanga. ” itonela.
Itonela ngo-drill-and-blast iseyeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kuShishino lweMigodi eNgaphantsi komhlaba ngelixa iTunneling yeeprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo isiya isiya isenza itonela ngoomatshini yi-TBM okanye ngezinye iindlela.Nangona kunjalo, kwiitonela ezimfutshane, kumacandelo amakhulu anqamlezayo, ukwakhiwa kwe-cavern, ukuwela, ukunqumla, i-shafts, i-penstocks, njl., I-Drill kunye ne-Blast idla ngokuba yindlela enokwenzeka kuphela.Nge-Drill kunye ne-Blast sikwanethuba lokuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi ukuze sithathelwe kwiiprofayili ezahlukeneyo xa kuthelekiswa netonela ye-TBM ehlala inika icandelo lomnqamlezo ojikelezayo ngokukodwa kwiitonela zeendlela ezibangelwa ukugrumba okuninzi ngokunxulumene necandelo elinqamlezayo elifunekayo.
Kumazwe aseNordic apho ukubunjwa kobume bomhlaba wolwakhiwo olungaphantsi komhlaba kudla ngokuba kwiGranite eqinileyo eqinileyo kunye neGneiss eboleka kwiDrill kunye neBlast yemigodi ngokufanelekileyo nangoqoqosho.Umzekelo, iStockholm Subway System ibandakanya iLiwa eliveziweyo elakhiwe kusetyenziswa iDrill kunye neBlast kwaye itshizwe ngeshotcrete njengomgca wokugqibela ngaphandle kweCast-in-Place Lining.
Ngoku iprojekthi ye-AECOM, i-Stockholm Bypass ebandakanya i-21 km (iikhilomitha ezili-13) uhola wendlela apho i-18 km (iikhilomitha ezili-11) iphantsi komhlaba phantsi kwechweba lasentshona ye-Stockholm iyakhiwa, bona i-Fig. 1. La matonela anamacandelo ahlukeneyo anqamlezayo, ukuhlalisa iindledlana ezintathu kwicala ngalinye kunye neerempu eziphumayo eziqhagamshela kumphezulu ziyakhiwa kusetyenziswa ubuchule beDrill kunye neBlast.Olu hlobo lweeprojekthi lusakhuphisana njenge-Drill kunye ne-Blast ngenxa ye-geology elungileyo kunye nesidingo secandelo eliguquguqukayo elinqamlezayo ukulungiselela iimfuno zendawo.Kule projekthi iindlela ezininzi zokufikelela ziye zaphuhliswa ukwahlula itonela ezikhulu ezinde zibe zizihloko ezininzi nto leyo eya kuthi icuthe ixesha elipheleleyo lokugrumba itonela.Itonela yokuqala yenkxaso iqulathe iibholiti zamatye kunye ne-4” shotcrete kunye ne-liner yokugqibela ine-membrane yokuthintela amanzi kunye ne-intshi ye-4 ye-shotcrete exhonywe ngeebholiti ezijikeleze i-4 ngeenyawo ze-4, zifakwe unyawo olu-1 ukusuka kwi-shotcrete ene-rock surface, isebenza njengamanzi kunye neqabaka. ukugquma.
INorway iye yagqithisa ngakumbi xa kufikwa kwitonela ngeDrill kunye neBlast kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo yacoca iindlela zokuDrill kunye neBlast ukuya kwimfezeko.Ngeyona ndawo iphakamileyo yeentaba eNorway kunye neefjords ezinde kakhulu ezisikela emhlabeni, imfuneko yeetonela phantsi kweefjords zombini Uhola wendlela kunye noLoliwe ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye inokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuhamba.INorway inamatonela endlela angaphezu kwe-1000, elona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini.Ukongeza, iNorway ikwalikhaya lezityalo zombane ezingenakubalwa zamanzi ezinamatonela epenstock kunye neeshafts ezakhiwe yiDrill kunye neBlast.Ngethuba le-2015 ukuya kwi-2018, eNorway kuphela, kwakukho malunga ne-5.5 yezigidi ze-CY yokwembiwa kwamatye angaphantsi komhlaba nge-Drill kunye ne-Blast.Amazwe eNordic afezekise ubuchule beDrill kunye neBlast kwaye baphonononga itekhnoloji kunye nemo yobugcisa kwihlabathi liphela.Kwakhona, kuMbindi Yurophu ingakumbi kumazwe akwiintaba ze-Drill kunye neBlast iseyindlela yokhuphiswano kwitonela nangona ubude betonela.Umahluko omkhulu kwiitonela ze-Nordics kukuba uninzi lweetonela ze-Alpine zine-Cast-In-Place yokugqibela yekhonkrithi.
KuMntla Mpuma we-USA, nakwimimandla yeeNtaba zeRocky kukho iimeko ezifanayo njengeeNordics ezinelitye elinzima elivumela ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho kweDrill kunye neBlast.Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya i-New York City Subway, iTunnel ye-Eisenhower eColorado kunye neTunnel yaseMt McDonald kwiiRockies zaseCanada.
Iiprojekthi zothutho zakutsha nje eNew York ezifana ne-Second Avenue Subway esandul' ukugqitywa okanye iprojekthi yoFikelelo lweSide eseMpuma iye yaba nendibaniselwano yeetonela ezibalekayo ze-TBM ezineSitishi seCaverns kunye nenye indawo encedisayo eyenziwa yiDrill kunye neBlast.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-jumbos ye-drill kule minyaka idluleyo yavela kwi-drill hand drill okanye i-boom jumbos ukuya kwi-self-drilling ye-Multiple-Boom Jumbos apho iipateni zokugrumba zifakwa kwikhompyuter ekwibhodi evumela ukugrumba ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu ukuya ngaphambili. -seta ipateni yokubhola ebalwe ngokuchanekileyo.(jonga umfanekiso 2)
Iijumbos zokomba ezihambele phambili ziza njenge-automated ngokupheleleyo okanye isemi-automated;ngaphambili, emva kokugqitywa komngxuma i-drill iphinda ilandele kwaye ihambe ngokuzenzekelayo ukuya kwindawo elandelayo yomngxuma kwaye iqalise ukugrumba ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubekwa ngumqhubi;kwi booms semi-automatic umqhubi uhambisa i-drill ukusuka emngxunyeni ukuya emngxunyeni.Oku kuvumela umqhubi omnye ukuba aphathe ngokufanelekileyo i-jumbos ye-drill ukuya kuthi ga kwi-boom ezintathu ngokusetyenziswa kwekhompyuter ekwibhodi.(jonga umfanekiso wesi-3)
Ngophuhliso lwe-Rock Drills ukusuka kwi-18, 22, 30 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40 kW yamandla empembelelo kunye ne-high frequency drills kunye ne-feeders ebambe ukuya kwi-20' drifter rods kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-automated Rod Adding System (RAS), ukuqhubela phambili kunye nesantya. yokomba kuye kwaphucuka kakhulu ngezinga lokwenyani langaphambili ukuya kuthi ga kwi-18' ngomjikelo ngamnye kunye nokutshona komngxuma phakathi kwe-8 – 12 ft/min ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamatye kunye noqheliso olusetyenzisiweyo.I-automated 3-boom drill jumbo inokwemba i-800 – 1200 ft/hr nge-20 ft Drifter Rods.Ukusetyenziswa kweentonga ze-20 FT drifter rods kufuna ubuncinci bobungakanani betonela (malunga nama-25 FT) ukuvumela iibholithi zamatye ukuba zombiwe ngokungqamene nomgca wetonela kusetyenziswa isixhobo esifanayo.
Uphuhliso lwakutsha nje kusetyenziso lwejumbos enemisebenzi emininzi enqunyanyisiweyo kwisithsaba setonela evumela imisebenzi emininzi ukuba iqhubeke ngaxeshanye njengokugrumba kunye nokukruqula.I-jumbo ingasetyenziselwa ukufakela i-lattice girders kunye ne-shotcrete.Le ndlela yokusebenza igqitha imisebenzi elandelelanayo kwitonela ekhokelela ekongiweni kwexesha kwishedyuli.Jonga isazobe sesi-4.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuninzi ukuhlawulisa imingxuma kwilori yokutshaja eyahlukileyo, xa i-jumbo ye-drill isetyenziselwa izihloko ezininzi, okanye njengento eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi kwi-drill jumbo xa kugrunjwa isihloko esisodwa, kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuba kukho izithintelo zasekhaya zesi sicelo.Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni jikelele, enemingxuma emibini okanye emithathu inokuhlawuliswa ngexesha elinye;ukugxininiswa kwe-emulsion kunokulungelelaniswa kuxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi imingxuma ehlawulwayo.Imingxuma esikiweyo kunye nemingxuma esezantsi idla ngokuhlawuliswa nge-100% yoxinaniso ngelixa imingxuma yecontour ihlawuliswa ngogxininiso olukhaphukhaphu kakhulu malunga ne-25%.(jonga isazobe 5)
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuninzi kufuna i-booster ngendlela yentonga yeziqhushumbisi ezipakishweyo (i-primer) leyo kunye ne-detonator ifakwe emazantsi emingxuma kwaye iyadingeka ukuvutha i-emulsion yobuninzi ephonswa emngxunyeni.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-emulsion yobuninzi kunciphisa ixesha lokutshaja elipheleleyo kunee-cartridges zendabuko, apho i-80 - 100 imingxuma / i-hr inokuhlawuliswa kwilori yokutshaja exhotywe ngeepompo zokutshaja ezimbini kunye neebhasikidi zomntu omnye okanye ezimbini ukufikelela kwinqanaba elipheleleyo.Jonga umfanekiso 6
Ukusetyenziswa kwesilayishi samavili kunye neelori kuseyeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokwenza udaka ngokudibanisa neDrill kunye neBlast yeetonela ezinokufikelela kwi-adit kumphezulu.Kwimeko yofikelelo ngeeshafti udaka luyakuthwalwa ubukhulu becala sisilayishi samavili ukuya kwishafti apho luya kunyuselwa phezulu ukuze luthuthwe ngakumbi ukuya kwindawo yokulahla.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-crusher ebusweni betonela ukuqhekeza amaqhekeza amakhulu amatye ukuvumela ukudluliselwa kwawo ngebhanti lokuhambisa ukuzisa udaka kumphezulu yenye into entsha eyaphuhliswa kuMbindi Yurophu rhoqo kwiitonela ezinde kwiiAlps.Le ndlela inciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokurhweba, ngakumbi kwiitonela ezinde kwaye isuse iilori kwitonela ephucula indawo yokusebenza kwaye inciphise umthamo ofunekayo wokuphefumla.Ikwakhulula itonela yokuguqula imisebenzi yekhonkrithi.Inenzuzo eyongezelelweyo ukuba ilitye lisemgangathweni onokuthi lisetyenziswe kwimveliso edibeneyo.Kule meko ilitye eliqhekeziweyo linokusetyenzwa kancinane ukwenzela ezinye izinto eziluncedo ezifana neeaggregates zekhonkrithi, i-ballast kaloliwe, okanye i-pavement.Ukunciphisa ixesha ukusuka ekuqhumeni ukuya ekusebenziseni i-Shotcrete, kwiimeko apho ixesha lokumisa linokuba ngumcimbi, i-shotcrete layer yokuqala ingasetyenziswa eluphahleni ngaphambi kokuba ukucoca kwenziwe.
Xa kugrunjwa iindawo ezinkulu ezinqamlezileyo kudityaniswe neemeko ezimbi zamatye indlela ye-Drill kunye ne-Blast isinika ithuba lokwahlula ubuso kwizihloko ezininzi kunye nokusebenzisa iSequential Excavation Method (SEM) indlela yokwemba.Isihloko solingelo esiseziko esilandelwa ziidrifts ezigudileyo ezisecaleni zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi-SEM kwitonela njengoko kunokubonwa kwiFig 7 kugrumba oluphezulu lweSikhululo sama-86 seSitrato kwiprojekthi yeSecond Avenue Subway eNew York.Isihloko esiphezulu sagrunjwa kwi-drifts ezintathu, kwaye emva koko kwalandelwa yi-bench embiweyo emibini ukugqiba i-60' ububanzi nge-50 'icandelo eliphezulu le-cavern cross.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungena kwamanzi kwitonela ngexesha lokumba, i-pre-excavation grouting isoloko isetyenziswa.Ukugrunjwa kwangaphambili kwamatye kunyanzelekile eScandinavia ukuze kulungiswe iimfuno zokusingqongileyo malunga nokuvuza kwamanzi kwitonela ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo yokwakha kulawulo lwamanzi kwindawo okanye kufutshane nomphezulu.Ukugrunjwa kwangaphambi kokugrumba kungenziwa kwitonela yonke okanye kwiindawo ezithile apho imeko yamatye kunye nolawulo lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba lufuna ukugrunjwa ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungena kwamanzi kumthamo olawulekayo njengakwiindawo ezinempazamo okanye zokucheba.Kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo zokumbiwa kwangaphambili, imingxuma emi-4 ukuya kwemi-6 yeprobe iyagrunjwa kwaye kuxhomekeke kumanzi alinganisiweyo asuka kwimingxuma yophando ngokunxulumene nesixhobo sokuxhobisa esisekiweyo, ukugrunjwa kuya kwenziwa kusetyenziswa isamente okanye iigrouts zekhemikhali.
Ngokuqhelekileyo i-fan ye-grouting yangaphambili iqulethe i-15 ukuya kwi-40 imingxuma (i-70-80 ft ubude) egrunjiweyo phambi kobuso kunye ne-grouted phambi kokugrunjwa.Inani lemingxuma lixhomekeke kubungakanani betonela kunye nobungakanani bamanzi obulindelekileyo.Ukugrunjwa ke kwenziwa kushiya indawo yokhuseleko ye-15-20 ft ngaphaya komjikelo wokugqibela xa ukuphononongwa okulandelayo kunye nokugrumba kwangaphambili kwenziwa.Ukusebenzisa i-automated Rod Adding System (RAS), ekhankanywe ngasentla, yenza kube lula kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukugrumba i-probe kunye nemingxuma ye-grout enomthamo we-300 ukuya kwi-400 ft / hr.Imfuneko yokugrumba kwangaphambili inokwenzeka kwaye ithembekile xa usebenzisa indlela ye-Drill kunye ne-Blast xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenzisa i-TBM.
Ukhuseleko kwi-Drill kunye ne-Blast tunneling ibisoloko iyinkxalabo enkulu efuna izibonelelo ezikhethekileyo zamanyathelo okhuseleko.Ukongeza kwimiba yemveli yokhuseleko kwitonela, ukwakhiwa kwe-Drill kunye ne-Blast imingcipheko ebusweni kubandakanywa ukubhola, ukutshaja, ukukala, ukukhwabanisa, njl.Ngokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kwi-Drill kunye ne-Blast techniques kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko kwiinkalo zokhuseleko, ukhuseleko kwitonela luphuculwe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.Umzekelo, ngokusetyenziswa kwe-automated jumbo drilling kunye nepatheni yokubhola elayishwe kwikhompyutha ekwibhodi, akukho mfuneko yokuba nabani na abe phambi kwe-drill jumbo cabin ngaloo ndlela enciphisa ukuvezwa okunokubakho kwabasebenzi kwiingozi ezinokubakho kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwanda. ukhuseleko lwabo.
Olona phawu lunxulumene noKhuseleko mhlawumbi yiNkqubo yokuFaka intonga ezenzekelayo (RAS).Ngale nkqubo, ikakhulu isetyenziselwa ukugrumba umngxuma omde ngokunxulumene ne-pre-excavation grouting kunye ne-probe hole yokugrumba;i-drilling eyandisiweyo inokwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-cabin yabaqhubi kwaye ngaloo ndlela isusa umngcipheko wokulimala (ingakumbi ukulimala kwezandla);kungenjalo ukongezwa kweentonga kwenziwa ngesandla kunye nabasebenzi abavezwa kukwenzakala xa besongeza iintonga ngesandla.Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) ikhutshwe kwi-2018 ukupapashwa kwayo kweNombolo ye-27 enesihloko esithi "Ukhuseleko kwi-Norwegian Drill kunye ne-Blast Tunneling".Olu papasho luthetha ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yamanyathelo anxulumene nempilo, ukhuseleko kunye nolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo ngexesha lothungelwano kusetyenziswa iindlela ze-Drill kunye ne-Blast kwaye lubonelela ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo kubaqeshi, abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi bokwakha itonela.Upapasho lubonisa ubume bobugcisa kukhuseleko lwe-Drill kunye nokwakhiwa kweBlast, kwaye ikhuphela mahala kwiwebhusayithi yeNorwegian Tunneling Society: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
I-Drill kunye ne-Blast esetyenziswe kwingqikelelo elungileyo, nakwitonela emide, kunye nokubanakho ukwahlula ubude kwizihloko ezininzi, isenokuba yenye indlela esebenzayo.Ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo kuye kwenziwa kutshanje kwizixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezikhokelela kukhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.Nangona ukugrumba okungoomatshini kusetyenziswa i-TBM kudla ngokuthandeka ngakumbi kwiitonela ezinde ezinecandelo elinqamlezayo elingaguqukiyo, nangona kunjalo ukuba kukho ukuqhawuka kwe-TBM okukhokelela ekumiseni ixesha elide, yonke itonela ima ngxi ngelixa ukusebenza kweDrill kunye neBlast enezihloko ezininzi. ulwakhiwo lusenokuqhubela phambili nokuba enye intloko ingena kwiingxaki zobugcisa.
ULars Jennemyr yiNjineli yoLwakhiwo lweTonelo kwi-ofisi ye-AECOM eNew York.Unamava obomi kwiiprojekthi ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye neetonela ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele eziquka uMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, uMzantsi Melika, i-Afrika, iKhanada kunye ne-USA kwiiprojekthi zothutho, zamanzi kunye nombane wamanzi.Unamava abanzi kwitonela eqhelekileyo kunye noomatshini.Ubungcali bakhe obukhethekileyo bubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwetonela yamatye, ukwakhiwa, kunye nocwangciso lokwakha.Phakathi kweeprojekthi zakhe zezi: iSecond Avenue Subway, i-86th St. Station eNew York;iNombolo yesi-7 yoLwandiso lweNdlela engaphantsi komhlaba eNew York;iSidibanisi soMmandla kunye noLwandiso loMzila oMsobo eLos Angeles;Itonela leSixeko eMalmo, eSweden;i-Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, eSri Lanka;Iprojekthi ye-Uri Hydro Power eIndiya;kunye neHong Kong Strategic Sewage Scheme.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-01-2020