Kuno kuUnited States taimbotaura nezve tunneling nekuboora-uye-kuputika se "yakajairika" tunneling, iyo yandinofungidzira inosiya tunneling neTBM kana dzimwe nzira dzakagadzirwa dzinoda kunzi "zvisina kujairika."Nekudaro, nekushanduka kweTBM tekinoroji zvinova zvakanyanya kushomeka kuita tunnel nekuboora-uye-kuputika uye nekudaro isu tingada kufunga nezve kutenderedza chirevo uye kutanga kutaura nezve tunneling neku drill-and-blast se "zvisina kujairika. ” tunneling.
Tunneling by drill-and-blast ichiri nzira yakajairika muIndasitiri yeIndasitiri yeMigodhi yepasi apo Tunnel yemapurojekiti ezvivakwa iri kuramba ichiitwa michina neTBM kana dzimwe nzira.Nekudaro, mumatanho mapfupi, ezvikamu zvakakura zvemuchinjikwa, kuvakwa kwebako, kuyambuka, nzira dzemuchinjiko, shafts, penstocks, nezvimwewo, Drill uye Blast kazhinji ndiyo nzira inogoneka.NekuDrill uye Blast isu zvakare tine mukana wekuchinjika zvakanyanya kuti tigamuchire kune akasiyana maprofiles tichienzanisa neTBM tunnel iyo inogara ichipa denderedzwa muchinjiko chikamu kunyanya kune migwagwa mikuru inokonzeresa nekuchera kwakawanda maererano nechikamu chaicho chemuchinjikwa chinodiwa.
Munyika dzeNordic uko kuumbwa kwe geological yekuvaka pasi pevhu kunowanzo mune yakasimba yakaoma Granite uye Gneiss iyo inokweretesa iyo kuDrill uye Blast migodhi zvakanyanya uye zvine hupfumi.Semuyenzaniso, iyo Stockholm Subway System inowanzo umbwa neRombo rakafumurwa rakagadzirwa pachishandiswa Drill uye Blast uye rakapfapfaidzwa nepfuti seyekupedzisira liner isina chero Cast-in-Place Lining.
Parizvino chirongwa cheAECOM, Stockholm Bypass icho chine 21 km (13 mamaira) mugwagwa mukuru kunze kweiyo 18 km (11 mamaira) iri pasi pevhu pasi pezvitsuwa zvekumadokero kweStockholm iri kuvakwa, ona Fig. kugarisa nzira nhatu munzira imwe neimwe uye nekudzika nekudzika marambi anobatana nepamusoro ari kugadzirwa pachishandiswa Drill uye Blast nzira.Mhando iyi yemapurojekiti ichiri kukwikwidza seDrill uye Blast nekuda kweiyo yakanaka geology uye kudiwa kweiyo chinjikira chikamu chemuchinjiko kuti igadzirise zvinodiwa zvenzvimbo.Kupurojekiti iyi marambi akawanda ekupinda akagadzirwa kuti atsemure migero mikuru mikuru kuita misoro yakawanda izvo zvinozopfupisa nguva yese yekuchera mugero.Mugero wekutanga werutsigiro une mabhoti ematombo uye 4 ” shotcrete uye liner yekupedzisira ine membrane yekudzivirira mvura uye 4 inch shotcrete yakamiswa nemabhaudhi akapatsanurwa kutenderedza 4 ne 4 tsoka, akaiswa 1 tsoka kubva papfuti yakamisikidzwa padombo, inoita semvura nechando. insulation.
Norway yakatonyanya kunyanyisa kana zvasvika pakugadzirisa neDrill uye Blast uye nekufamba kwemakore vakanatsa nzira dzeDrill uye Blast kusvika pakukwana.Nenzvimbo ine makomo muNorway uye marefu marefu mafjords achicheka munyika, kudiwa kwematanho pasi pemafjords eHighway neRail kwakakosha zvikuru uye kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya nguva yekufamba.Norway ine migwagwa inopfuura 1000, iyo ndiyo yakawanda pasi rose.Uye zvakare, Norway ndiyo zvakare imba yekusingaverengeke hydropower zvidyarwa zvine penstock tunnel uye shafts iyo inovakwa neDrill uye Blast.Munguva ye2015 kusvika 2018, muNorway chete, pakanga paine angangoita 5.5 Mamirioni CY ekuchera pasi pevhu kucherwa neDrill uye Blast.Nyika dzeNordic dzakakwenenzvera hunyanzvi hweDrill neBlast uye dzakaongorora matekinoroji ayo uye mamiriro-e-ehunyanzvi pasi rese.Zvakare, MuCentral Europe kunyanya munyika dzemumakomo Drill neBlast ichiri nzira yemakwikwi mukutuna zvisinei nekureba kwenzira.Musiyano mukuru kune maNordics tunnels ndewekuti mazhinji eAlpine tunnel ane Cast-In-Place yekupedzisira kongiri lining.
Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kuMabvazuva kweU.SA, uye kumatunhu eRocky Mountains kune mamiriro akafanana neaya ari muNordics ane dombo rakaomarara rinobvumira kushandiswa kwehupfumi kweDrill uye Blast.Mimwe mienzaniso inosanganisira New York City Subway, Eisenhower Tunnel muColorado uye Mt McDonald Tunnel muCanada Rockies.
Zvichangoburwa mapurojekiti ekufambisa muNew York akadai seyachangopedzwa Second Avenue Subway kana East Side Access purojekiti yakave nemusanganiswa weTBM yakacherwa tunnels ine Station Caverns neimwe nzvimbo yekubatsira yakaitwa naDrill neBlast.
Kushandiswa kwemadrill jumbos kwave nekufamba kwemakore kwakavapo kubva kune ekare akabatwa nemaoko kana imwe boom jumbos kuenda kune komputa yekuzvirovera Multiple-Boom Jumbos uko maitiro ekudhirowa anopinzwa mu-on-board komputa inobvumira kukurumidza uye kwepamusoro kuchera kune pre. -set nemazvo akaverengerwa chibooreso pateni.(ona mufananidzo 2)
Iyo yepamberi yekuchera jumbos inouya yakazara otomatiki kana semi-otomatiki;mune yekutanga, mushure mekupedzwa kwegomba chibooreso chinodzokororwa uye chinozvifambisa chichienda kune chinotevera gomba chinzvimbo uye chinotanga kuchera pasina kudiwa kwekumisikidzwa nemushandisi;zvema semi-automatic booms mushandisi anofambisa chibooreso kubva pagomba kuenda paburi.Izvi zvinobvumira mushandisi mumwe kubata nemazvo madhill jumbos anosvika matatu mabhoom nekushandisa komputa iri pabhodhi.(ona mufananidzo 3)
Nekuvandudzwa kweRombo Drills kubva pa18, 22, 30 uye kusvika ku40 kW yesimba rekuita uye yakakwira frequency drills ine mafeeders akabata kusvika makumi maviri 'drifter tsvimbo uye kushandiswa kweiyo otomatiki Rod Adding System (RAS), kufambira mberi nekumhanya. yekuchera yavandudzika zvikuru nemitengo yepamberi yekusvika 18' padenderedzwa uye gomba rinonyura pakati pe8 - 12 ft/min zvichienderana nerudzi rwedombo uye chibooreso chakashandiswa.Iyo otomatiki 3-boom drill jumbo inogona kuboora 800 - 1200 ft/awa ine 20 ft Drifter Rods.Kushandiswa kwe20 FT drifter rods kunoda imwe saizi shoma yetunnel (inenge 25 FT) kubvumidza mabhoti ematombo kuti aroverwe perpendicular kune tunnel axis uchishandisa midziyo yakafanana.
Chimiro chechangobva kuitika ndechekushandiswa kweakawanda-function jumbos akamiswa kubva pakona yekona achibvumira mabasa akawanda kuti aenderere mberi panguva imwe chete sekuchera nekuchera.Iyo jumbo inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuisa lattice girders uye shotcrete.Iyi nzira inopindirana nekuita kwakatevedzana mukutunha zvichikonzera kuchengetedza nguva pane chirongwa.Ona Fig 4.
Kushandisa emulsion yakawanda pakuchaja maburi kubva murori yekuchaja yakaparadzana, apo jumbo yekubooresa iri kushandiswa kumisoro yakawanda, kana sechinhu chakavakirwa-mukati pajumbo yekuboorera panocherwa musoro mumwe chete, kuri kuwedzera kuwanda kunze kwekunge pane zvirambidzo zvemunharaunda zvekushandisa uku.Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose, ine maburi maviri kana matatu anogona kubhadharwa panguva imwe chete;kuwanda kwe emulsion kunogona kugadziriswa zvichienderana nekuti ndeapi maburi ari kubhadhariswa.Makomba akachekwa uye maburi epasi anowanzo kubhadhariswa 100% yekumisikidza nepo contour maburi achichajiswa neyakareruka yakawanda inosvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana.(Ona mufananidzo 5)
Kushandiswa kwemulsion yakawanda kunoda booster muchimiro chetsvimbo yezviputi zvakaputirwa (primer) iyo pamwe chete ne detonator inopinzwa pasi pemakomba uye inodiwa kupisa emulsion yakawanda iyo inoputirwa mugomba.Kushandiswa kwemulsion yakawanda kunoderedza nguva yose yekuchaja kupfuura ma cartridges echinyakare, apo 80 - 100 maburi / hr inogona kubhadharwa kubva mumotokari inotakura yakashongedzerwa nemapombi maviri ekuchaja uye mabhasikiti emunhu mumwe kana maviri kuti asvike chikamu chakakwana chemuchinjikwa.Ona Fig.6
Iko kushandiswa kwevhiri kurodha uye marori ichiri nzira yakajairika yekuita mucking musanganiswa neDrill uye Blast yematani ane adit yekuwana pamusoro.Munyaya yekupinda nemashaft muck inotakurwa zvakanyanya nevhiri rekutakura kuenda kune shaft uko inosimudzwa kumusoro kuti ifambiswe mberi kuenda kunzvimbo yekupedzisira yekurasa.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwecrusher pachiso chemugero kuputsa zvidimbu zvakakura zvedombo kuti zvibvumire kutamiswa kwavo nebhandi rekutakura kuti vaunze muck kumusoro ndechimwe tsvakiridzo yakagadziridzwa muCentral Europe kazhinji kune migero yakareba kuburikidza neAlps.Iyi nzira inoderedza zvakanyanya nguva yekuchera, kunyanya kumatanho marefu uye inobvisa marori mugero izvo zvinozoita kuti nzvimbo yekushanda inonatsiridza uye inoderedza inodiwa yekufemesa simba.Iyo zvakare inosunungura-kumusoro mugero invert yemabasa ekongiri.Iine imwe bhenefiti kana dombo iri remhando yepamusoro zvekuti rinogona kushandiswa pakugadzira aggregate.Muchiitiko ichi dombo rakapwanyika rinogona kugadziriswa zvishoma kune mamwe mashandisirwo anobatsira senge kongiri aggregates, njanji ballast, kana pavement.Kuderedza nguva kubva pakuputika kusvika pakushandiswa kweShotcrete, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo nguva yekumira inogona kuva nyaya, yekutanga shotcrete layer inogona kuiswa padenga kusati kwaitwa.
Pakuchera zvikamu zvakakura zvemuchinjikwa pamwe chete nemamiriro asina kunaka ematombo nzira yeDrill neBlast inotipa mukana wekupatsanura chiso kune misoro yakawanda uye kushandisa Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) nzira yekuchera.Musoro wepakati wemutyairi wendege unoteverwa nemadhirifita eparutivi anowanzo shandiswa muSEM mukugadzirisa sezvinoonekwa muFig 7 yekuchera pamusoro peiyo 86th Street Station paSecond Avenue Subway chirongwa muNew York.Musoro wepamusoro wakacherwa mumadhirifiti matatu, ndokuzoteverwa nemabhenji maviri ekucherwa kuti apedze 60' yakafara ne50' high cavern cross section.
Kuti kuderedza kupindira kwemvura mumugero panguva yekuchera, pre-excavation grouting inowanzoshandiswa.Kucherwa kwedombo kusati kwaitwa kunosungirwa muScandinavia kuitira kugadzirisa zvinodiwa nemhoteredzo maererano nekudonhedza kwemvura mumugero kuitira kuderedza kukanganiswa kwekuvaka pakutonga kwemvura panzvimbo kana pedyo.Pre-excavation grouting inogona kuitirwa mugero wese kana kune dzimwe nzvimbo uko mamiriro edombo uye pasi pevhu rekutonga zvinoda grouting kuderedza kupindira kwemvura kune yakawanda inogoneka senge mukukanganisa kana shear zones.Mukusarudza pre-excavation grouting, 4-6 probe makomba anocherwa uye zvichienderana nemvura yakayerwa kubva kumakomba ekuongorora maererano neyakagadzika grouting trigger, grouting ichaitwa uchishandisa ingave simende kana makemikari grouts.
Kazhinji pre-excavation grouting fan ine 15 kusvika 40 makomba (70-80 ft kureba) akadhirowa pamberi pechiso uye grouted isati yacherwa.Huwandu hwemakomba hunoenderana nehukuru hwemugero uye huwandu hunotarisirwa hwemvura.Kuchera kunobva kwaitwa kusiya nzvimbo yekuchengetedza ye 15-20 ft kupfuura kutenderera kwekupedzisira apo kunotevera kuongorora uye pre-excavation grouting yaitwa.Uchishandisa otomatiki Rod Adding System (RAS), yataurwa pamusoro, inoita kuti zvive nyore uye nekukasira kuboora probe uye maburi maburi anokwana mazana matatu kusvika ku400 ft/hr.Iyo pre-kuchera grouting inodiwa inogoneka uye yakavimbika kana uchishandisa iyo Drill uye Blast nzira kana ichienzaniswa nekushandisa TBM.
Chengetedzo muDrill uye Blast tunneling yagara iri yekunetsekana kukuru inoda kupihwa kwakakosha nzira dzekuchengetedza.Pamusoro pechinyakare nyaya dzekuchengetedza mutunnel, kuvaka neDrill uye Blast njodzi dziri kumeso dzinosanganisira kuchera, kuchaja, kuyera, kukorobha, nezvimwe wedzera dzimwe njodzi dzekuchengetedza dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa nekurongerwa.Nekufambiswa mberi kwetekinoroji muDrill uye Blast matekiniki uye nekushandiswa kwenzira yekudzikisa njodzi kune zvekuchengetedza zvinhu, kuchengetedzeka mukugadzirisa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura.Semuyenzaniso, nekushandiswa kweautomated jumbo drilling ine dhiri patani yakakwidzwa pa-on-board komputa, hapana chikonzero chekuti chero munhu ave pamberi pechibhorani chejumbo cabin nokudaro kuderedza mukana wevashandi kunjodzi dzinogona kuitika nekudaro kuwedzera. kuchengeteka kwavo.
Iyo yakanakisa Chengetedzo inoenderana chimiro ingangoita otomatiki Rod Kuwedzera System (RAS).Negadziriro iyi, inonyanya kushandiswa kuchera gomba refu maererano ne-pre-excavation grouting uye probe hole drilling;iyo yekuwedzera kudhiraivha inogona kuitwa zvizere otomatiki kubva kune vanoshanda kabhini uye nekudaro inobvisa njodzi yekukuvadzwa (kunyanya kukuvara kwemaoko);kana zvisina kudaro kuwedzera kwetsvimbo kwakaitwa nemaoko nevashandi vachiratidzirwa kune kukuvara pakuwedzera matanda nemaoko.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti The Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) yakabudiswa mu2018 chinyorwa chayo Nhamba 27 ine musoro unoti "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunneling".Gwaro iri rinotaura nenzira yakarongeka matanho ane chekuita nehutano, chengetedzo uye manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza panguva yekugadzira tunnel uchishandisa nzira dzeDrill uye Blast uye inopa maitiro akanakisa kune vashandirwi, foromani nevashandi vekuvaka tunnel.Chinyorwa chinoratidza mamiriro ehunyanzvi mukuchengetedzeka kweDrill uye Blast kuvaka, uye inogona kudhaunirodwa mahara kubva kuNorwegian Tunneling Society webhusaiti: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
Drill uye Blast inoshandiswa mune chaiyo pfungwa, kunyangwe kune akareba tunnel, ine mukana wekutsemura kureba kuita misoro yakawanda, inogona kuramba iri imwe inoshanda.Kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura mumidziyo uye zviwanikwa zvichikonzera kuchengetedzeka kwakawedzera uye kushanda nesimba.Kunyangwe kucherwa nemuchina uchishandisa TBM kuchiwanzo kanakira matanani marefu ane muchinjiko unogara uripo, zvisinei kana paine kuparara kweTBM kuchikonzera kumira kwenguva refu, mugero wese unomira asi mukushanda kweDrill neBlast ine misoro yakawanda. Kuvaka kunogona kuenderera mberi kunyangwe kana musoro mumwe ukawira mumatambudziko ehunyanzvi.
Lars Jennemyr inyanzvi Tunnel Kuvaka Injiniya muhofisi yeAECOM New York.Ane hupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu muzvirongwa zvepasi pevhu uye tunneling kubva pasirese zvinosanganisira South East Asia, South America, Africa, Canada neUSA mukufambisa, mvura uye mapurojekiti emagetsi.Ane ruzivo rwakakura mukugadzirisa kwakajairika uye nemichina.Hunyanzvi hwake hwakakosha hunosanganisira kuvaka tunnel, kuvakwa, uye kuronga kuvaka.Pakati pezvirongwa zvake ndezvi: Second Avenue Subway, 86th St. Station muNew York;iyo Nhamba 7 Subway Line Extension muNew York;iyo Regional Connector uye Purple Line Extension muLos Angeles;Citytunnel muMalmo, Sweden;chirongwa cheKukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, Sri Lanka;Uri Hydro Power Project muIndia;uye Hong Kong Strategic Sewage Scheme.
Nguva yekutumira: May-01-2020