Kuno ku United States tinkakonda kunena za kuwongolera pobowola-ndi-kuphulika ngati njira "yachizolowezi", yomwe ndikuganiza kuti imasiyanitsidwa ndi TBM kapena njira zina zamakina zomwe zimatchedwa "zosavomerezeka."Komabe, ndi kusinthika kwaukadaulo wa TBM kumakhala kosowa kwambiri kupanga tunnel mwa kubowola-ndi-kuphulika ndipo chifukwa chake tingafune kuganiza zotembenuza mawuwo ndikuyamba kunena za kuwongolera ndi kubowola-ndi-kuphulika ngati "zosazolowereka. ” kuwongolera.
Kubowola-ndi-kuphulika akadali njira yodziwika kwambiri m'makampani a Migodi Yapansi panthaka pomwe Kukonza mapulojekiti akuchulukirachulukira kukhala makulidwe amakina ndi TBM kapena njira zina.Komabe, mu ngalande zazifupi, pazigawo zazikulu zodutsamo, kumanga mphanga, kuwoloka, kudutsa, mitsinje, penstocks, etc., Drill ndi Blast nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yokhayo yotheka.Ndi Drill ndi Blast tilinso ndi mwayi wosinthika kuti titengere mbiri zosiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi ngalande ya TBM yomwe nthawi zonse imapereka gawo lozungulira lozungulira makamaka pamakhwalala amisewu chifukwa cha kukumba mopitilira muyeso mogwirizana ndi gawo lenileni lomwe limafunikira.
M'mayiko a Nordic komwe mapangidwe a geological a zomangamanga zapansi panthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala mu Granite yolimba kwambiri ndi Gneiss zomwe zimabwereketsa migodi ya Drill ndi Blast mogwira mtima komanso mwachuma.Mwachitsanzo, Stockholm Subway System nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi Rock surface yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Drill ndi Blast ndipo imawazidwa ndi shotcrete ngati liner yomaliza popanda Cast-in-Place Lining.
Panopa polojekiti ya AECOM, Stockholm Bypass yomwe ili ndi msewu waukulu wa 21 km (13 miles) umene 18 km (11 miles) uli pansi pa nthaka pansi pa zisumbu zakumadzulo kwa Stockholm ikumangidwa, onani Chithunzi 1. kuti pakhale misewu itatu mbali iliyonse ndipo makwerero olowera ndi kutsika akumangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Drill ndi Blast.Ma projekiti amtunduwu akadali opikisana ngati Drill and Blast chifukwa cha geology yabwino komanso kufunikira kwa magawo osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za danga.Pa ntchitoyi pali njira zingapo zoloweramo kuti zigawane ngalande zazikulu zazitali kukhala mitu yambiri zomwe zidzafupikitse nthawi yonse yofukula ngalandeyo.Thandizo loyamba la ngalandeyo limapangidwa ndi miyala ya miyala ndi 4" shotcrete ndipo chomaliza chimakhala ndi nembanemba yotchinga madzi ndi 4 inch shotcrete yoyimitsidwa ndi mabawuti otalikirana ndi 4 ndi 4 mapazi, yoyikidwa 1 phazi kuchokera pamwala wowomberedwa, umakhala ngati madzi ndi chisanu. kutsekereza.
Norway ndiyowopsa kwambiri ikafika pakuwongolera ndi Drill ndi Blast ndipo kwazaka zambiri akonza njira za Drill ndi Blast kukhala zangwiro.Ndi mapiri a mapiri ku Norway komanso ma fjords aatali kwambiri omwe akudumphira kumtunda, kufunikira kwa tunnel pansi pa fjords kwa Highway ndi Rail ndikofunika kwambiri ndipo kungachepetse kwambiri nthawi yoyendayenda.Dziko la Norway lili ndi misewu yoposa 1000, yomwe ili yochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Kuphatikiza apo, dziko la Norway ndilomwe limakhala ndi mafakitale osawerengeka amagetsi opangira magetsi okhala ndi tunnels ndi ma shafts omwe amapangidwa ndi Drill ndi Blast.Munthawi ya 2015 mpaka 2018, ku Norway kokha, panali pafupifupi 5.5 Miliyoni CY yakufukula miyala yapansi panthaka ndi Drill ndi Blast.Mayiko a Nordic adapanga luso la Drill ndi Blast ndikuwunika umisiri wake komanso luso lake padziko lonse lapansi.Komanso, Ku Central Europe makamaka m'maiko a Alpine Drill ndi Blast akadali njira yopikisana pamachubu ngakhale atalikirapo ma tunnel.Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ngalande za Nordics ndikuti ngalande zambiri za Alpine zimakhala ndi zomangira zomaliza za konkire za Cast-In-Place.
Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa USA, komanso m'madera a Rocky Mountains kuli mikhalidwe yofanana ndi ya ku Nordics yokhala ndi miyala yolimba yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito Drill ndi Blast mwachuma.Zitsanzo zina ndi monga New York City Subway, Eisenhower Tunnel ku Colorado ndi Mt McDonald Tunnel ku Canada Rockies.
Ntchito zoyendera zaposachedwa ku New York monga Second Avenue Subway kapena pulojekiti ya East Side Access yakhala ndi mikwingwirima ya TBM yokhala ndi ma Station Caverns ndi malo ena othandizira opangidwa ndi Drill ndi Blast.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma jumbos obowola kwa zaka zambiri kwasintha kuchokera ku zobowola pamanja kapena zobowoleza imodzi kupita kuzibowola pakompyuta za Multiple-Boom Jumbos komwe njira zobowola zimalowetsedwa mu kompyuta yomwe imalola kubowola mwachangu komanso kolondola kwambiri. -khazikitsani ndondomeko ya kubowola yowerengeka bwino.(onani mkuyu 2)
Ma jumbo obowola otsogola amabwera ngati makina odzipangira okha kapena odzipangira okha;m'mbuyomu, akamaliza dzenje kubowola retracks ndi kusuntha basi ku dzenje ina malo ndi kuyamba kubowola popanda kufunika udindo ndi woyendetsa;pa ma semi-automatic booms woyendetsa amasuntha kubowola kuchoka ku dzenje kupita ku dzenje.Izi zimalola wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino ma jumbos okhala ndi ma boom atatu pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yomwe ili pa board.(onani mkuyu 3)
Ndi chitukuko cha Rock Drills kuchokera ku 18, 22, 30 mpaka 40 kW yamphamvu yamphamvu komanso kubowola pafupipafupi kwambiri ndi ma feeders okhala ndi ndodo 20 'drifter ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira ndodo (RAS), kupita patsogolo ndi liwiro. Kubowola kwayenda bwino kwambiri ndi mitengo yofikira pasadakhale yofikira 18' pozungulira ndikumira kwa dzenje pakati pa 8 - 12 ft/min kutengera mtundu wa thanthwe ndi kubowola kogwiritsidwa ntchito.Kubowola kwa 3-boom jumbo kumatha kubowola 800 - 1200 ft/hr ndi 20 ft Drifter Rods.Kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo za 20 FT drifter kumafuna kukula pang'ono kwa ngalandeyo (pafupifupi 25 FT) kuti ma bolts amiyala abowoledwe motsata njira yolowera mumphangayo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwezo.
Zomwe zachitika posachedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma jumbos okhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ambiri omwe aimitsidwa kuchokera pakona yolola kuti ntchito zingapo zizichitika nthawi imodzi monga kubowola ndi kubowola.The jumbo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukhazikitsa lattice girders ndi shotcrete.Njira iyi imaphatikizana ndi ntchito zotsatizana pakuwongolera zomwe zimapangitsa kupulumutsa nthawi pa ndandanda.Onani chithunzi 4.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa emulsion yochuluka kuti kulipiritsa mabowo a galimoto yolipiritsa yosiyana, pamene jumbo yobowola ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamitu yambiri, kapena ngati chinthu chomangidwira ku jumbo yobowola pamene mutu umodzi ukufukulidwa, ukuwonjezeka kwambiri pokhapokha ngati pali zoletsa zakomweko za pulogalamuyi.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabowo awiri kapena atatu amatha kulipira nthawi imodzi;kuchuluka kwa emulsion kumatha kusinthidwa malinga ndi mabowo omwe amaperekedwa.Mabowo odulidwa ndi mabowo apansi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 100% ndende pomwe mabowo amizere amayikidwa ndi ndende yopepuka pafupifupi 25%.(Onani chithunzi 5)
Ntchito chochuluka emulsion amafunika chilimbikitso mu mawonekedwe a ndodo mmatumba zophulika (zoyambira) amene pamodzi ndi detonator anaikapo pansi pa mabowo ndi chofunika kuyatsa chochuluka emulsion kuti amapopera mu dzenje.Kugwiritsa ntchito emulsion chochuluka kumachepetsa nthawi yonse yolipiritsa kuposa makatiriji achikhalidwe, pomwe mabowo 80 - 100 / ora amatha kulipiritsa kuchokera pagalimoto yolipiritsa yokhala ndi mapampu awiri othamangitsa ndi madengu amodzi kapena awiri kuti afike pamtanda wonse.Onani mkuyu 6
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma wheel loader ndi magalimoto akadali njira yodziwika kwambiri yopangira matope ophatikizana ndi Drill ndi Blast pamakina omwe ali ndi mwayi wofikira pamwamba.Pankhani yolowera kudzera muzitsulo matope amanyamulidwa kwambiri ndi chonyamulira magudumu kupita ku shaft komwe adzakwezedwa pamwamba kuti apitilize kupita kumalo omaliza.
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chophwanyira pankhope ya ngalandeyo kuti agwetse zidutswa zazikulu za miyala kuti zilole kusamutsidwa kwawo ndi lamba wotumizira kuti abweretse matopewo pamwamba ndi luso lina lomwe linapangidwa ku Central Europe nthawi zambiri kwa tunnel zazitali kudutsa kumapiri a Alps.Njirayi imachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yothirira, makamaka ngati tunnel zazitali ndikuchotsa magalimoto mumsewu womwe umapangitsa kuti malo ogwira ntchito azikhala bwino komanso amachepetsa mpweya wofunikira.Imamasulanso kutembenuza kwa tunnel kwa ntchito za konkriti.Lili ndi mwayi wowonjezera ngati thanthwe liri lapamwamba kwambiri moti lingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga magulu.Pachifukwa ichi mwala wophwanyidwa ukhoza kukonzedwa pang'ono kuti ugwiritse ntchito zina zopindulitsa monga zophatikizira za konkriti, ballast ya njanji, kapena pansi.Kuchepetsa nthawi kuchokera kuphulika mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito Shotcrete, nthawi yomwe nthawi yoyimilira ikhoza kukhala vuto, gawo loyambirira la shotcrete lingagwiritsidwe ntchito padenga musanayambe kupukuta.
Pofukula zigawo zazikulu zopingasa pamodzi ndi mikhalidwe yosauka ya miyala njira ya Drill ndi Blast imatipatsa mwayi wogawa nkhope ku mitu ingapo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) pofukula.Mutu wapakati woyendetsa ndege wotsatiridwa ndi madontho oyenda m'mbali nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu SEM pakuwongolera monga momwe tikuwonera mkuyu 7 pakufukula kwapamwamba kwa 86th Street Station pa projekiti ya Second Avenue Subway ku New York.Mutu wapamwamba udafukulidwa m'madontho atatu, kenako ndikutsatiridwa ndi zofukula ziwiri za benchi kuti mutsirize 60' wide by 50' high cavern cross section.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kulowetsedwa kwa madzi mumsewu panthawi yofukula, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofukula grouting.Kufukula kwa miyala kusanachitike ndikofunikira ku Scandinavia kuti athe kuthana ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi kutayikira kwamadzi mumsewu kuti achepetse kukhudzidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi pamtunda kapena pafupi ndi pamwamba.Kufukula kusanachitike kungathe kuchitidwa pa ngalandeyo yonse kapena kumadera ena kumene chikhalidwe cha miyala ndi ulamuliro wa madzi apansi amafunikira grouting kuti achepetse kulowetsedwa kwa madzi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino monga madera olakwika kapena ometa ubweya.Posankha zofukula zisanachitike, mabowo a 4-6 amabowoleredwa ndipo kutengera madzi omwe amayezedwa kuchokera kumabowo ofufuza pokhudzana ndi choyambitsa choyambira, grouting idzakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito simenti kapena ma grouts amankhwala.
Nthawi zambiri chiwombankhanga chofukula chisanachitike chimakhala ndi mabowo 15 mpaka 40 (70-80 ft kutalika) omwe amabowoleredwa patsogolo pa nkhope ndikuwotchedwa asanafukule.Kuchuluka kwa mabowo kumadalira kukula kwa ngalandeyo ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyembekezeredwa.Kufukula kumachitidwa ndikusiya malo otetezeka a 15-20 ft kupitirira kuzungulira komaliza pamene kufufuza kwina ndi kukumba kusanachitike grouting kumachitika.Kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira ndodo (RAS), yomwe tatchula pamwambapa, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta komanso yachangu kuboola ma probe ndi ma grout maenje okhala ndi mphamvu ya 300 mpaka 400 ft/hr.Chofunikira pakufukula chisanachitike ndi chotheka komanso chodalirika mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Drill ndi Blast poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito TBM.
Chitetezo mu Drill ndi Blast tunneling chakhala chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri chomwe chimafuna njira zapadera zachitetezo.Kuphatikiza pa nkhani zachitetezo zachikhalidwe pamachubu, kumanga ndi Drill ndi Blast kuwopsa kumaso kuphatikiza kubowola, kulipiritsa, kukulitsa, kupukuta, ndi zina. onjezerani ziwopsezo zina zachitetezo zomwe ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikukonzekera.Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa matekinoloje mu njira za Drill ndi Blast komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera chiopsezo pazinthu zachitetezo, chitetezo pamachubu chakwera kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito kubowola kwa jumbo pogwiritsa ntchito makina obowola omwe amaikidwa pa kompyuta, palibe chifukwa choti wina aliyense akhale kutsogolo kwa kanyumba ka jumbo komwe kumachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa ogwira nawo ntchito ku zoopsa zomwe zingachitike ndipo motero kuwonjezereka. chitetezo chawo.
Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chokhudzana ndi Chitetezo mwina ndi makina a Rod Adding System (RAS).Ndi dongosololi, makamaka ntchito pobowola yaitali dzenje mogwirizana ndi chisanadze pofukula grouting ndi kafukufuku dzenje pobowola;kubowola kowonjezera kutha kuchitidwa mokhazikika kuchokera ku kanyumba kogwiritsa ntchito ndipo motero kumachotsa chiopsezo cha kuvulala (makamaka kuvulala pamanja);Apo ayi, kuwonjezera ndodo kunkachitidwa pamanja ndi ogwira ntchito akuvulazidwa powonjezera ndodo ndi manja.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti The Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) idatulutsa mu 2018 buku lake No. 27 lotchedwa "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunneling".Bukuli limafotokoza mwadongosolo miyeso yokhudzana ndi thanzi, chitetezo ndi kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe panthawi yokonza ma tunnel pogwiritsa ntchito njira za Drill ndi Blast ndipo limapereka njira zabwino kwa olemba ntchito, oyang'anira oyang'anira ndi ogwira ntchito yomanga ngalande.Bukuli likuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili pachitetezo cha Drill and Blast Construction, ndipo mutha kutsitsidwa kwaulere patsamba la Norwegian Tunneling Society: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
Drill and Blast yogwiritsidwa ntchito pamalingaliro oyenera, ngakhale machubu aatali, ndi kuthekera kogawa utali m'mitu yambiri, itha kukhala njira ina yabwino.Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika posachedwa pazida ndi zida zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chikhale cholimba komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri.Ngakhale kufukula mwamakina pogwiritsa ntchito TBM nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovomerezeka pamakanema aatali okhala ndi gawo lopingasa nthawi zonse, komabe ngati pakhala kuwonongeka kwa TBM zomwe zimapangitsa kuyimitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali, ngalande yonseyo imayima pomwe ntchito ya Drill ndi Blast yokhala ndi mitu ingapo. Ntchito yomanga imatha kupitilirabe ngakhale mutu ukukumana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo.
Lars Jennemyr ndi katswiri wa Tunnel Construction Engineer muofesi ya AECOM New York.Ali ndi nthawi yodziwa ntchito zapansi pa nthaka ndi tunneling padziko lonse lapansi kuphatikizapo South East Asia, South America, Africa, Canada ndi USA mu ntchito zodutsa, madzi ndi magetsi.Ali ndi chidziwitso chambiri pamipando wamba komanso wamakina.Ukadaulo wake wapadera umaphatikizanso kupanga ngalande zamiyala, zomanga, komanso kukonza zomanga.Zina mwa ntchito zake ndi: Second Avenue Subway, 86th St. Station ku New York;Kuwonjezedwa kwa Njira 7 za Subway Line ku New York;Regional Connector ndi Purple Line Extension ku Los Angeles;City tunnel ku Malmo, Sweden;Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, Sri Lanka;Uri Hydro Power Project ku India;ndi Hong Kong Strategic Sewage Scheme.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-01-2020