N'ebe a na United States, anyị na-ezo aka n'ọgba mmiri site na egwu-na-mgbawa dị ka ọwara "conventional", nke m na-eche na-ahapụ tunneling site TBM ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ mechanized ụzọ a ga-ezo dị ka "Unconventional."Agbanyeghị, site na mmalite nke teknụzụ TBM, ọ na-aghọwanye ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ime tunneling site na ikuru-na-mgbawa ma dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ anyị nwere ike na-eche echiche banyere ịtụgharị okwu gburugburu na-amalite na-ezo aka tunneling site drill-na-mgbawa dị ka "unconventional". ” tunneling.
Tunneling site na egwu-na-mgbawa ka bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị na ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa Ngwuputa n'okpuru ala ebe Tunneling maka ọrụ akụrụngwa na-aghọwanye igwe eji arụ ọrụ TBM ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ.Otú ọ dị, na ọwara mkpirisi, maka nnukwu akụkụ obe, ihe owuwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, ebe a na-agafe agafe, ebe a na-agafe agafe, ogwe osisi, penstocks, wdg, Drill na Blast na-abụkarị naanị ụzọ enwere ike.Site Drill na Blast anyị nwekwara ike inwekwu mgbanwe iji nabata profaịlụ dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọwara TBM nke na-enye mgbe niile akụkụ okirikiri okirikiri karịsịa maka ọwara okporo ụzọ na-ebute ọtụtụ ihe ngwupụta n'ihe metụtara ngalaba obe dị mkpa.
Na mba Nordic ebe nhazi ala nke ihe owuwu n'okpuru ala na-abụkarị na Granite siri ike na Gneiss nke na-etinye onwe ya na Drill na Blast Ngwuputa nke ọma na akụ na ụba.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sistemụ ụgbọ oloko nke Stockholm na-enwekarị elu Nkume ekpughere nke arụpụtara site na iji Drill na Blast wee fesa ya na shotcrete dị ka nke ikpeazụ na-enweghị Lining Cast-in-Place.
Ugbu a, a na-arụ ọrụ AECOM, okporo ụzọ Stockholm nke nwere okporo ụzọ dị kilomita 21 (kilomita 13) nke dị kilomita 18 (kilomita 11) dị n'okpuru ala dị n'okpuru ala ọdịda anyanwụ nke Stockholm, lee foto 1. Ọwara ndị a nwere akụkụ obe na-agbanwe agbanwe, iji nabata ụzọ atọ n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla, a na-arụkwa ụzọ mgbapụ na mgbapụ na-ejikọta na elu site na iji usoro Drill na Blast.Ụdị ọrụ a ka na-asọ mpi dị ka Drill na Blast n'ihi ọdịdị ala dị mma yana mkpa maka akụkụ obe na-agbanwe agbanwe iji nabata ohere achọrọ.Maka oru ngo a, emeputala ọtụtụ ụzọ mgbaba iji kewaa ogologo ọwara mmiri n'ime ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ga-ebelata oge niile iji gwupụta ọwara ahụ.Nkwado mbụ nke ọwara na-agụnye bolts nkume na 4 "shotcrete na nke ikpeazụ na-agụnye akpụkpọ anụ mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri na 4 inch shotcrete kwụsịtụrụ site na bolts nke dị gburugburu 4 site na 4 ụkwụ, arụnyere 1 ụkwụ site na shotcrete lined rock surface, na-eme dị ka mmiri na ntu oyi. mkpuchi .
Norway dị oke egwu ma a bịa n'ịgbagharị site na Drill na Blast ma mee ka ọtụtụ afọ nụchaa usoro maka Drill na Blast ruo izu okè.Ebe ugwu ugwu dị na Norway na fjords dị ogologo na-agbada n'ime ala ahụ, mkpa ọwara n'okpuru fjords maka okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị oke mkpa ma nwee ike belata oge njem.Norway nwere ihe karịrị 1000 ọwara ụzọ, nke kacha n'ụwa.Na mgbakwunye, Norway bụkwa ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri nwere ọwara penstock na osisi nke Drill na Blast rụrụ.N'ime oge nke 2015 ruo 2018, na Norway naanị, enwere ihe dị ka nde 5.5 CY nke ogbunigwe n'okpuru ala site Drill na Blast.Mba ndị Nordic mezuru usoro Drill na Blast wee nyochaa teknụzụ ya na ọgbara ọhụrụ ya n'ụwa niile.Ọzọkwa, Na Central Europe karịsịa na Alpine mba Drill na Blast ka bụ usoro asọmpi n'ime ọwara n'agbanyeghị ogologo ogologo nke tunnels.Isi ihe dị iche na ọwara Nordic bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ọwara Alpine nwere ihe mkpuchi ikpeazụ nke Cast-In-Place.
N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke USA, na mpaghara ugwu Rocky, enwere ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya dị ka na Nordics nwere nnukwu nkume siri ike nke na-enye ohere iji akụ akụ na ụzụ eme ihe.Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke New York City, Ọwara Eisenhower na Colorado na Mt McDonald Tunnel na Canadian Rockies.
Ọrụ njem njem na nso nso a na New York dị ka ụzọ ụgbọ oloko ụzọ abụọ nke emechara nso nso a ma ọ bụ ọrụ ngo East Side Access enweela ngwakọta nke ọwara agba ọsọ TBM nwere ọdụ ọdụ na oghere inyeaka ndị Drill na Blast mere.
Ojiji nke akuakuzinwo jumbos kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ pụtara site na oge ochie a na-ejide akuku ma ọ bụ otu ọganihu jumbos na kọmputa nke onwe-egwuputa ihe otutu-Boom Jumbos ebe akuakuzinwo ụkpụrụ na-nri n'ime on-board kọmputa na-enye ohere ngwa ngwa na elu ziri ezi mkpọpu na a tupu. -set n'ụzọ ziri ezi gbakọọ akuakuzinwo ụkpụrụ.(lee foto 2)
The elu mkpọpu jumbos na-abịa dị ka n'ụzọ zuru ezu akpaghị aka ma ọ bụ ọkara akpaka;na nke mbụ, mgbe emechara oghere ahụ na-emegharị ma na-ebugharị na-akpaghị aka na oghere oghere ọzọ wee malite ịkụ ala n'enweghị mkpa nke onye ọrụ;n'ihi na ọkara akpaka booms onye ọrụ na-ebuga akuakuzinwo si oghere na oghere.Nke a na-enye ohere ka otu onye na-arụ ọrụ jikwaa jumbos nke ọma na-eji ihe ruru atọ na-eji kọmputa dị n'ime.(lee foto 3)
Site na mmepe nke Rock Drills sitere na 18, 22, 30 na ruo 40 kW nke ike mmetụta na mgbatị dị elu na ndị na-eri nri na-ejide ihe ruru 20 'drifter rods na ojiji nke Rod Adding System (RAS) na-akpaghị aka, ọganihu na ọsọ ọsọ. nke mkpọpu ala abawanyela nke ukwuu site na nrịgo n'ihu ruo 18' kwa okirikiri na oghere na-ada n'etiti 8 – 12 ft/min dabere n'ụdị okwute na ihe eji eme ihe.Jumbo 3-boom drill na-akpaghị aka nwere ike 800 – 1200 ft/hr nwere mkpanaka Drifter 20 ft.Ojiji nke 20 FT drifter rods chọrọ ụfọdụ obere ọwara ọwara (ihe dị ka 25 FT) iji mee ka a na-agbapụta bolts nkume n'akụkụ ọwara axis site na iji otu akụrụngwa.
Ihe mmepe na-adịbeghị anya bụ iji jumbos ọtụtụ ọrụ kwụsịtụrụ site na okpueze ọwara na-enye ohere ka ọtụtụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu n'otu oge dị ka mkpọpu mmiri na mkpọ.A nwekwara ike iji jumbo ahụ tinye akwa akwa na shotcrete.Usoro a na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro n'usoro n'ime tunneling na-akpata na-azọpụta oge na nhazi oge.Lee foto 4.
Iji nnukwu emulsion na-ebufe oghere site na ụgbọ ala chaja dị iche iche, mgbe a na-eji egwu egwu egwu egwu ọtụtụ isiokwu, ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ na egwu egwu egwu mgbe a na-egwupụta otu isiokwu, na-aghọwanye ihe ọ gwụla ma ọ bụrụ na a na-egwupụta otu isiokwu. enwere mgbochi mpaghara maka ngwa a.A na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe na mpaghara dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, na-enwe ike ịgbanye oghere abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'otu oge;Enwere ike ịhazi ntinye nke emulsion dabere na oghere ndị a na-ebubo.A na-ebukarị oghere ndị e gbuturu na oghere ala na ntinye 100% ebe a na-ebubo oghere contour na mkpokọta ọkụ ọkụ nke ihe dịka 25% itinye uche.(lee foto 5)
Ojiji nke nnukwu emulsion chọrọ ihe nkwalite n'ụdị osisi ngwugwu ngwugwu (primer) nke a na-etinye ya na detonator na ala nke oghere ma dị mkpa iji mee ka emulsion buru ibu nke a na-agbanye n'ime oghere.Ojiji nke nnukwu emulsion na-ebelata oge ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ozuzu karịa katridges ọdịnala, ebe 80 - 100 oghere / hr nwere ike ịgba ụgwọ site na ụgbọ ala na-ebufe nke nwere nfuli chaja abụọ na nkata otu ma ọ bụ mmadụ abụọ iji ruo akụkụ obe zuru ezu.Lee foto 6
Ojiji nke wheel loader na gwongworo ka bụ ụzọ a na-ahụkarị iji mee mmekpa ahụ yana Drill na Blast maka tunnels nwere adit ịbanye n'elu.N'ihe banyere ịnweta site na ogwe osisi a ga-ebukarị muck ahụ site na ihe na-ebu wheel gaa n'osisi ebe a ga-ebuli ya n'elu maka ịkwaga n'ihu na mpaghara mkpofu ikpeazụ.
Otú ọ dị, iji ihe nkuku ọkụ na-eche ihu n'ọwara agbawa nnukwu nkume iji mee ka ha jiri eriri ebufe ebufe ha n'elu bụ ihe ọhụrụ ọzọ e mepụtara na Central Europe na-emekarị maka ogologo ọwara site na Alps.Usoro a na-ebelata nke ukwuu oge maka ịmị ọkụ, karịsịa maka ogologo ọwara mmiri ma kpochapụ gwongworo ndị dị na ọwara nke na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọrụ dịkwuo mma ma na-ebelata ikike ikuku dị mkpa.Ọ na-atọhapụ-elu ọwara invert maka ihe arụ ọrụ.Ọ nwere uru ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na nkume ahụ dị mma nke na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka nchịkọta mkpokọta.N'okwu a, a ga-edozi obere nkume ahụ e gwepịara egwepịa maka ihe ndị ọzọ bara uru dị ka nchịkọta ihe, ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma ọ bụ pavement.Iji belata oge site na ịgbawa ọkụ ruo ngwa nke Shotcrete, n'ọnọdụ ebe oge nkwụsị nwere ike ịbụ ihe iseokwu, enwere ike itinye oyi akwa shotcrete mbụ n'elu ụlọ tupu emee mucking.
Mgbe ị na-egwupụta nnukwu akụkụ obe jikọtara ya na ọnọdụ okwute dara ogbenye, usoro Drill na Blast na-enye anyị ohere ikewa ihu n'ọtụtụ isiokwu na itinye usoro ngwupụta nke Sequential Excavation (SEM) maka ngwupụta.A na-ejikarị isi pilot nke etiti na-esochi drifts akụkụ na SEM na tunnelling dị ka a na-ahụ na fig 7 maka isi ihe gwupụtara n'elu ọdụ ụgbọ oloko 86th na nke abụọ Avenue ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na New York.E gwupụtara isi n'elu n'ime ụzọ atọ, wee soro ya wee gwupụta bench abụọ iji mechaa akụkụ 60' n'obosara site na 50' nnukwu ọgba aghara.
Iji wedata ntinye mmiri n'ime ọwara n'oge a na-egwupụta ihe, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe tupu emee ihe.Ọ bụ iwu na ọ bụ iwu na Scandinavia tupu e gwupụta okwute okwute iji lebara ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi anya gbasara mgbapu mmiri n'ime ọwara ka ibelata mmetụta ihe owuwu na-enwe na ọchịchị mmiri na nso elu.Enwere ike ịme grouting tupu gwuo egwu maka ọwara dum ma ọ bụ maka mpaghara ụfọdụ ebe ọnọdụ nkume na usoro mmiri nke ala chọrọ grouting iji belata ntinye mmiri na oke nke enwere ike ijikwa dị ka mpaghara mmejọ ma ọ bụ shiee.Na nhọrọ tupu igwu olulu, a na-egwupụta oghere nyocha 4-6 na dabere na mmiri a tụrụ na oghere nyocha n'ihe metụtara mkpalite grouting guzosiri ike, a ga-emejuputa ya site na iji ciment ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ.
Nọmalị a tupu igwu grouting fan mejupụtara 15 ruo 40 oghere (70-80 ft ogologo) gbapuru n'ihu ihu na grouted tupu egwupụta ihe.Ọnụọgụ oghere na-adabere na nha ọwara na oke mmiri a na-atụ anya ya.A na-eme ihe ngwupụta ahụ na-ahapụ mpaghara nchekwa nke 15-20 ft gafere agba nke ikpeazụ mgbe a na-eme nyocha na-esote na tupu-egwupụta ihe.Iji akpaghị aka Rod Adding System (RAS), nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe na ngwa ngwa ịkụnye nyocha na oghere grout nwere ikike nke 300 ruo 400 ft / hr.Ihe a chọrọ tupu gwupụta ihe ga-ekwe omume yana ntụkwasị obi mgbe ị na-eji usoro Drill na Blast tụnyere iji TBM.
Nchekwa n'ime oghere ogbunigwe na mgbawa na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata nnukwu nchegbu na-achọ usoro nchekwa pụrụ iche.Na mgbakwunye na nsogbu nchekwa ọdịnala na tunneling, ewu site Drill na gbawara ihe ize ndụ dị na ihu gụnyere mkpọpu ala, chaja, scaling, mucking, wdg tinyekwuo ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke a ga-edozi na zubere maka.Site na ọganihu nke teknụzụ na usoro Drill na Blast yana itinye usoro mbelata ihe egwu na akụkụ nchekwa, nchekwa na ọwara ọwara abawanyela nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'iji igwe egwu egwu jumbo na-akpaghị aka na ụkpụrụ a na-ebunye na kọmputa dị n'elu, ọ dịghị mkpa ka onye ọ bụla nọrọ n'ihu ụlọ ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na-eme ka ọ na-ebelata ohere nke ndị ọrụ nwere n'ihe ize ndụ ma si otú ahụ na-abawanye. nchekwa ha.
Ihe kacha mma metụtara nchekwa bụ eleghi anya Rod Adding System (RAS).Na usoro a, tumadi na-eji ogologo oghere mkpọpu ala na njikọ na tupu igwu grouting na nyocha oghere mkpọpu;Enwere ike ịme mgbatị mgbatị ahụ kpamkpam na-akpaghị aka site na ụlọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ma dị ka nke a na-ewepụ ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ (karịsịa mmerụ aka);ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji aka eme ihe na-agbakwunye mkpanaka ahụ na ndị ọrụ na-ekpughere mmerụ ahụ mgbe ha na-agbakwunye mkpanaka na aka.Ọ dị mma ịmara na Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) wepụtara na 2018 mbipụta ya Nke 27 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunnelling".Mbipụta a na-ekwu n'usoro usoro metụtara ahụike, nchekwa na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge ọwara mmiri site na iji ụzọ Drill na Blast na ọ na-enye omume kachasị mma maka ndị were ọrụ, ndị ọrụ nhazi na ndị ọrụ na-ewu ọwara.Mbipụta a gosipụtara ọnọdụ nka na nchekwa nke Drill na Blast, a na-ebudata ya n'efu na webụsaịtị Norwegian Tunneling Society: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
Drill na Blast ejiri n'echiche ziri ezi, ọbụlagodi maka ogologo ọwara mmiri, yana enwere ike kewaa ogologo ya n'ọtụtụ isiokwu, ka nwere ike bụrụ ụzọ dị mma.Emeela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ngwá ọrụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka nchekwa dịkwuo elu na ụbara arụmọrụ.Ọ bụ ezie na ngwungwu ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-eji TBM na-adịkarị mma maka ogologo ọwara ogologo nwere ngalaba obe mgbe niile, agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na enwere ndakpọ na TBM nke na-akpata nkwụsị ogologo oge, ọwara ahụ dum na-akwụsị ebe a na-arụ ọrụ Drill na Blast nwere ọtụtụ isi okwu. ihe owuwu ka nwere ike na-aga n'ihu ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na otu isi na-abanye na nsogbu teknụzụ.
Lars Jennemyr bụ ọkachamara na-ewu Ọwara Ọwara n'ụlọ ọrụ AECOM New York.O nwere ahụmahụ oge ndụ na ọrụ n'okpuru ala na tunneling sitere na gburugburu ụwa gụnyere South East Asia, South America, Africa, Canada na USA na ọrụ ụgbọ njem, mmiri na ike mmiri.O nwere ahụmahụ dị ukwuu n'ọwara ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke mechanized.Ọkachamara ya pụrụ iche gụnyere ịrụ ọwara okwute, ịrụ ọrụ, na nhazi ihe owuwu.N'ime ọrụ ya bụ: Ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke abụọ Avenue, 86th St. Station na New York;nke No. 7 Subway Line Extension na New York;Njikọ Mpaghara na Mgbatị Akara Purple na Los Angeles;Obodo Tunnel dị na Malmo, Sweden;Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, Sri Lanka;Uri Hydro Power Project na India;na Hong Kong Strategic Swage Scheme.
Oge nzipu: Mee-01-2020