Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mākou i hoʻohana ai i ka tunneling ma ka drill-and-blast ma ke ʻano he "conventional" tunneling, aʻu e manaʻo nei e haʻalele i ka tunneling e TBM a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e kapa ʻia ʻo "Unconventional."Eia nō naʻe, me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana TBM, ua maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ka tunneling ma ka drill-and-blast a no laila makemake paha mākou e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a hoʻomaka e kuhikuhi i ka tunneling ma ka drill-and-blast ma ke ʻano he "maʻamau ʻole. ” hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
ʻO ka tunneling ma ka drill-and-blast ka mea maʻamau i ka Underground Mining Industry ʻoiai ʻo Tunneling no nā hana hoʻomohala e lilo i ka mechanized tunneling e TBM a i ʻole nā ala ʻē aʻe.Eia nō naʻe, i nā tunnels pōkole, no nā ʻāpana keʻa nui, ke kūkulu ʻana i ke ana, nā keʻa, nā ala keʻa, nā shafts, penstocks, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo Drill a Blast wale nō ke ala hiki.Ma o Drill a me Blast hiki iā mākou ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi like ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi tunnel TBM e hāʻawi mau ana i kahi ʻāpana keʻa pōʻai no nā tunnels ala nui e hopena me ka nui o ka ʻeli e pili ana i ka ʻāpana keʻa maoli e pono ai.
Ma nā ʻāina ʻo Nordic kahi i hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka honua i loko o ka Granite paʻa paʻa a me Gneiss e hāʻawi iā ia iho i ka Drill and Blast mining me ka maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka Stockholm Subway System ka mea maʻamau i ka ʻili Pōhaku i ʻike ʻia i kūkulu ʻia me ka Drill and Blast a i kāpī ʻia me ka shotcrete ma ke ʻano he liner hope loa me ka ʻole o kahi Cast-in-Place Lining.
I kēia manawa ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka papahana a AECOM, ʻo Stockholm Bypass nona ka 21 km (13 mau mile) alaloa ma waho o 18 km (11 mau mile) ma lalo o ka pae ʻāina komohana o Stockholm ke kūkulu ʻia nei, e nānā i ka Fig. e hoʻokomo i ʻekolu ala ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao a ma luna a ma waho o nā ramp e pili ana i ka ʻili ke kūkulu ʻia nei me ka ʻenehana Drill and Blast.Ke hoʻokūkū mau nei kēia ʻano papahana e like me Drill and Blast ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ka geology a me ka pono o ka ʻāpana keʻa like ʻole e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka lumi.No kēia papahana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau ala ala e hoʻokaʻawale i nā awāwa nui lōʻihi i mau poʻomanaʻo e hoʻopōkole i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa e ʻeli ai i ka tunnel.ʻO ke kākoʻo mua o ka tunnel he mau pōkā pōhaku a me 4" shotcrete a ʻo ka liner hope he membrane wai ʻole a me 4 iniha shotcrete i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā bolts i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi o 4 a 4 mau kapuaʻi, hoʻokomo ʻia 1 kapuaʻi mai ka ʻili pōhaku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka shotcrete, e like me ka wai a me ka hau. hoʻokaʻawale.
ʻOi aku ka koʻikoʻi o Norewai i ka wā e pili ana i ka tunneling e Drill a me Blast a ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā makahiki i nā ʻano hana no Drill and Blast i ka hemolele.Me ka hiʻona mauna loa ma Norewai a me nā fjord lōʻihi loa e ʻoki ana i ka ʻāina, he mea koʻikoʻi ka pono o nā tunnels ma lalo o nā fjords no ke Alanui a me ke Kaʻaahi a hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka manawa huakaʻi.Aia ʻo Norewai ma mua o 1000 mau ala ala, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ka honua.Eia kekahi, ʻo Norewai ka home o nā mea kanu hydropower he nui me nā tunnels penstock a me nā shafts i kūkulu ʻia e Drill and Blast.I ka manawa o 2015 a 2018, ma Norewai wale nō, aia ma kahi o 5.5 Million CY o ka ʻeli pōhaku lalo e Drill and Blast.Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻāina Nordic i ka ʻenehana o Drill and Blast a ʻimi i kāna ʻenehana a me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka honua.Eia kekahi, ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻāina alpine ʻo Drill and Blast kahi ʻano hoʻokūkū i ka tunneling ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o nā tunnels.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui i nā tunnels Nordics, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā tunnels Alpine i loaʻa i ka Cast-In-Place linning hope loa.
Ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau o USA, a ma nā ʻāina ʻo Rocky Mountains aia nā kūlana like e like me ka Nordics me ka pōhaku paʻakikī e hiki ai ke hoʻohana pono i ka Drill and Blast.ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻo ia ka New York City Subway, ka Eisenhower Tunnel ma Colorado a me Mt McDonald Tunnel ma nā Rockies Kanada.
ʻO nā papahana kaʻa kaʻa hou loa ma New York e like me ka Second Avenue Subway a i ʻole ka East Side Access project i hui pū ʻia me ka TBM mined tunnels me Station Caverns a me nā wahi kōkua ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia e Drill and Blast.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā drill jumbos i nā makahiki i ulu aʻe mai nā drills paʻa lima kahiko a i ʻole hoʻokahi boom jumbos a i ka computerized self-drilling Multiple-Boom Jumbos kahi e hānai ʻia ai nā kumu drill i loko o ka lolouila ma luna o ka papa e hiki ai i ka wili wikiwiki a kiʻekiʻe i kahi pre. -e hoʻonohonoho pono i ke ʻano drill i helu ʻia.(e nana i ke kii 2)
ʻO nā jumbo wiliwili kiʻekiʻe e hele mai e like me ka piha piha a i ʻole semi-aunoa;i ka mua, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka lua e hoʻihoʻi hou ka drill a neʻe ʻokoʻa i kahi kūlana puka aʻe a hoʻomaka i ka wili ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana e ka mea hoʻokele;no nā puʻupuʻu semi-aunoa e hoʻoneʻe ka mea hoʻohana i ka drill mai kekahi lua a i kekahi lua.ʻAe kēia i hoʻokahi mea hoʻohana e hoʻohana pono i ka drill jumbos me ʻekolu boom me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lolouila ma luna o ka papa.(e nānā i ke kiʻi 3)
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Rock Drills mai 18, 22, 30 a hiki i ka 40 kW o ka mana hopena a me nā hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me nā mea hānai e paʻa ana i 20 'drifter rods a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Rod Adding System (RAS), ka holomua a me ka wikiwiki. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana me nā helu mua maoli a hiki i ka 18' no kēlā me kēia pōʻai a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lua ma waena o 8 – 12 ft/min ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pōhaku a me ka drill i hoʻohana ʻia.Hiki i kahi 3-boom drill jumbo automated wili 800 - 1200 ft/hr me 20 ft Drifter Rods.Pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koʻokoʻo drifter 20 FT i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka tunnel (ma kahi o 25 FT) e ʻae i nā bolts pōhaku e wili pololei ʻia i ke axis tunnel me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako like.
ʻO kahi hoʻomohala hou nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā jumbos multi-function i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka lei tunnel e ʻae ana i nā hana he nui e hoʻomau i ka manawa like e like me ka wili ʻana a me ka mucking.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka jumbo e hoʻokomo i nā kāʻei lattice a me ka shotcrete.Hoʻopili kēia ʻano hana i nā kaʻina hana i ka tunneling e hopena i ka mālama manawa ma ka papa kuhikuhi.E nana Fig 4.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka emulsion nui e hoʻopaʻa i nā lua mai kahi kaʻa hoʻoili kaʻawale, ke hoʻohana ʻia ka drill jumbo no nā poʻomanaʻo he nui, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona i kūkulu ʻia i ka drill jumbo i ka wā e ʻeli ʻia ai kahi poʻomanaʻo hoʻokahi, e lilo i mea maʻamau ke ʻole. aia nā kapu kūloko no kēia noi.Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma nā wahi like ʻole a puni ka honua, me ʻelua a ʻekolu mau puka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka manawa like;hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ʻike o ka emulsion ma muli o nā lua e hoʻopiʻi ʻia nei.Hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā puka ʻoki a me nā lua lalo me ka 100% ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana aʻo nā puka contour e hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka ʻike ma kahi o 25% ka nui.(e nānā i ke kiʻi 5)
Pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka emulsion nui i mea hoʻoikaika ma ke ʻano o kahi lāʻau o nā mea pahū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (primer) a me ka detonator i hoʻokomo ʻia i lalo o nā lua a pono e hoʻāla i ka emulsion nui i hoʻomoʻi ʻia i loko o ka lua.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka emulsion nui e hōʻemi ana i ka manawa hoʻopiʻi holoʻokoʻa ma mua o nā pahu kuʻuna, kahi 80 - 100 mau puka / hr hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai kahi kaʻa hoʻopihapiha i hoʻolako ʻia me ʻelua mau pahu hoʻopihapiha a me nā hīnaʻi hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha e hiki ai i ka pauku kea piha.E nana Fig.6
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻoili huila a me nā kaʻa ka mea maʻamau e hana i ka mucking i hui pū ʻia me Drill a me Blast no nā tunnels i loaʻa i ka ʻili.Inā hiki ke komo ma o nā kumu, e lawe ʻia ka ʻōpala e ka mea hoʻoili huila i ke kumu kahi e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ai i luna no ka lawe hou ʻana i ka wahi hoʻopau hope.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ma ke alo o ka tunnel e wāwahi i nā ʻāpana pōhaku nui e ʻae i kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana me kahi kāʻei conveyor e lawe mai i ka ʻōpala i luna o kahi mea hou i kūkulu ʻia ma Central Europe pinepine no nā tunnels lōʻihi ma o nā Alps.ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻemi nui i ka manawa no ka mucking, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā tunnel lōʻihi a hoʻopau i nā kaʻa i loko o ka tunnel e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaiapuni hana a hōʻemi i ka mana e pono ai.Hoʻokuʻu ʻia hoʻi ia i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka tunnel no nā hana wili.He ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pōhaku i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana aggregate.I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia ka pōhaku i paʻi ʻia no nā hoʻohana pono ʻē aʻe e like me nā aggregates concrete, ballast rail, a i ʻole ka papahele.No ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka manawa mai ka puhi ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Shotcrete, inā he pilikia ka manawa kū i luna, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka papa shotcrete mua ma ka hale ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka mucking.
I ka ʻeli ʻana i nā ʻāpana keʻa nui i hui pū ʻia me nā kūlana pōhaku maikaʻi ʻole, hāʻawi ke ala Drill a Blast iā mākou i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka maka i nā poʻomanaʻo he nui a hoʻohana i ke ʻano Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) no ka ʻeli ʻana.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi poʻomanaʻo hoʻokele waena i ukali ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma SEM i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e like me ka ʻike ʻia ma ka Fig 7 no ka ʻeli ʻana o ke poʻo poʻomanaʻo o ka 86th Street Station ma ka papahana Second Avenue Subway ma New York.Ua ʻeli ʻia ke poʻo luna i ʻekolu mau ʻauheʻe, a laila ua ukali ʻia e ʻelua mau ʻeli pae no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka 60' ākea a me 50' ʻāpana kea kiʻekiʻe.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka komo ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka tunnel i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka grouting pre-excavation.Pono ka ʻeli ʻana o ka pōhaku ma Scandinavia i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā koi kaiapuni e pili ana i ka leaka wai i loko o ka tunnel i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke aupuni wai ma kahi a kokoke paha i ka ʻili.Hiki ke hana i ka grouting pre-excavation no ka tunnel holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole no kekahi mau wahi kahi e pono ai ke ʻano o ka pōhaku a me ke ʻano wai o ka honua i ka grouting e hōʻemi i ka komo ʻana o ka wai i ka nui e hiki ke mālama ʻia e like me nā wahi hewa a i ʻole nā ʻāpana shear.Ma ka koho koho pre-excavation grouting, 4-6 probe puka i wili ʻia a ma muli o ke ana ʻana o ka wai mai nā lua probe e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu grouting i hoʻokumu ʻia, e hoʻokō ʻia ka grouting me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sima a i ʻole nā grouts kemika.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau he 15 a 40 mau puka (70-80 ft ka lōʻihi) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana.ʻO ka nui o nā lua e pili ana i ka nui o ka tunnel a me ka nui o ka wai i manaʻo ʻia.Hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana me ka waiho ʻana i kahi wahi palekana o 15-20 ft ma mua o ka pōʻai hope i ka wā e hana ʻia ai ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka ʻeli ʻana ma mua.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Rod Adding System (RAS), i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, e maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi e wili i ka ʻimi a me nā lua grout me ka mana o 300 a 400 ft/hr.ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi a hilinaʻi hoʻi ke koi ʻana i ka grouting pre-excavation i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ke ʻano Drill and Blast i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi TBM.
ʻO ka palekana i ka Drill a me Blast tunneling ka mea nui e hopohopo nei e koi ana i nā lako kūikawā o nā hana palekana.Ma waho aʻe o nā pilikia palekana kuʻuna i ka tunneling, kūkulu ʻia e Drill a Blast nā pilikia ma ka maka e like me ka wili ʻana, ka hoʻouka ʻana, ka scaling, mucking, etc.Me ka holomua o nā ʻenehana i nā ʻenehana Drill and Blast a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia i nā ʻano palekana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka palekana i ka tunneling i nā makahiki i hala.No ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wili jumbo automated me ke ʻano drill i hoʻouka ʻia ma luna o ka lolouila ma luna o ka papa, ʻaʻohe pono o kekahi e hele i mua o ka pahu drill jumbo no laila e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻike ʻana o nā limahana i nā pōʻino a pēlā e hoʻonui ai. ko lakou palekana.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona pili palekana maikaʻi loa ʻo ia paha ka Rod Adding System (RAS).Me kēia ʻōnaehana, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka wili lua lōʻihi e pili ana i ka grouting pre-excavation a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lua;hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana mai ke keʻena o nā mea hana a no laila e hoʻopau i ka pilikia o nā ʻeha (ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻeha lima);a i ʻole, ua hana lima ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke koʻokoʻo me nā poʻe hana i ʻeha i ka wā e hoʻohui ai i nā lāʻau me ka lima.He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka The Norwegian Tunneling Society (NNF) i hoʻopuka i ka makahiki 2018 i kāna paʻi ʻana No. 27 i kapa ʻia ʻo "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunnelling".Hoʻopuka ka paʻi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻōnaehana e pili ana i ke olakino, palekana a me ka hoʻokele kaiapuni i ka wā o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala Drill and Blast a hāʻawi ia i ka hana maikaʻi loa no nā mea hana, nā foremen a me nā limahana hana tunnel.Hōʻike ka paʻi ʻana i ke kūlana o ke akamai i ka palekana o Drill and Blast construction, a hiki ke hoʻoiho manuahi ʻia mai ka Norwegian Tunneling Society pūnaewele: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Drill a Blast i ka manaʻo kūpono, ʻoiai no nā tunnel lōʻihi, me ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka lōʻihi i nā poʻomanaʻo he nui, hiki ke lilo i mea ʻokoʻa.ʻO nā holomua nui i hana ʻia i kēia manawa i nā mea hana a me nā mea e hoʻonui ai i ka palekana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻeli ʻana me ka mīkini me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka TBM no nā tunnel lōʻihi me ka pauku keʻa mau, akā naʻe i ka wā i haki ʻia ka TBM e hopena i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, kū ka tunnel holoʻokoʻa akā i ka hana Drill and Blast me nā poʻomanaʻo he nui. Hiki ke holomua ke kūkulu ʻana inā paha e holo kekahi poʻo i nā pilikia ʻenehana.
ʻO Lars Jennemyr ka mea akamai i ka Tunnel Construction Engineer ma ke keʻena o AECOM New York.Loaʻa iā ia kahi manawa ola o ka ʻike ma lalo o ka honua a me nā hana tunneling mai nā wahi a puni o ka honua me South East Asia, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻApelika, Kanada a me ʻAmelika i ka transit, ka wai a me nā papahana hydropower.Loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike nui i ka tunneling maʻamau a me ka mīkini.ʻO kāna ʻike kūikawā e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka tunnel pōhaku, ke kūkulu ʻana, a me ka hoʻolālā kūkulu.Ma waena o kāna mau papahana, ʻo ia ka Second Avenue Subway, 86th St. Station ma New York;ʻO ka Hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Subway Line Helu 7 ma New York;ka mea hoʻohui ʻāpana a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka laina poni ma Los Angeles;Citytunnel ma Malmö, Suedena;ka Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, Sri Lanka;ʻO Uri Hydro Power Project ma India;a me ka papahana hoʻoheheʻe wai ʻo Hong Kong.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-01-2020