Anan a Amurka mun kasance muna kiran hanyar tunnel ta hanyar rawar soja da fashewa a matsayin "ramin ruwa na al'ada", wanda ina tsammanin barin rami ta hanyar TBM ko wasu ingantattun hanyoyin da za a kira su "Ba a saba ba."Koyaya, tare da haɓakar fasahar TBM yana ƙara zama da wuya a yi tunneling ta hanyar rawar soja da fashewa kuma don haka muna iya son yin tunani game da juyar da magana kuma mu fara magana zuwa tunneling ta hanyar rawar soja da fashewa a matsayin “marasa al'ada. ” tunneling.
Tunani ta hanyar rawar soja da fashewa har yanzu hanya ce da aka fi amfani da ita a Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin da Rarraba ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa ke ƙara zama na'ura ta hanyar TBM ko wasu hanyoyin.Duk da haka, a cikin gajeren ramuka, don manyan sassan giciye, ginin kogo, giciye, ƙetaren giciye, ramuka, penstocks, da dai sauransu, Drill da Blast sau da yawa hanya ce kawai mai yiwuwa.Ta Drill da Blast muna da yuwuwar zama mafi sassauƙa don ɗaukar bayanan martaba daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da ramin TBM wanda koyaushe ke ba da sashin giciye madauwari musamman don manyan titunan titunan da ke haifar da yawan tonowa dangane da ainihin ɓangaren giciye da ake buƙata.
A cikin ƙasashen Nordic inda ƙirar ƙasa na ginin ƙasa galibi ke cikin ƙaƙƙarfan Granite da Gneiss waɗanda ke ba da kanta ga Drill da Blast ma'adinai cikin inganci da tattalin arziki.Misali, Tsarin Jirgin karkashin kasa na Stockholm ya ƙunshi fallasa Dutsen Dutsen da aka gina ta amfani da Drill da Blast kuma an fesa shi da harbi a matsayin layin karshe ba tare da wani Layi na Cast-in-Place ba.
A halin yanzu aikin AECOM, titin Stockholm wanda ya kunshi babban titin kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda kilomita 18 (mil 11) ke karkashin kasa a karkashin kasa na yammacin tsibiran Stockholm, duba Hoto 1. Wadannan ramukan da ke da sassa daban-daban na giciye, don ɗaukar hanyoyi guda uku a kowace hanya kuma ana kan ginawa da kuma kashe tafki masu haɗawa da saman ta amfani da fasaha na Drill da Blast.Irin wannan nau'in ayyukan har yanzu ana gasa a matsayin Drill da Blast saboda kyakkyawan yanayin ƙasa da buƙatar madaidaicin sashin giciye don ɗaukar buƙatun sararin samaniya.Don wannan aikin an ɓullo da hanyoyin shiga da dama don raba dogayen manyan ramukan zuwa manyan kantuna da yawa wanda zai rage tsawon lokacin da za a tono ramin.Taimakon farko na rami ya ƙunshi kusoshi na dutse da 4 "shotcrete kuma layin ƙarshe ya ƙunshi membrane mai hana ruwa da 4 inch shotcrete da aka dakatar da kusoshi a kusa da ƙafa 4 ta 4, an shigar da ƙafa 1 daga saman dutsen harbin da aka yi da shi, yana aiki azaman ruwa da sanyi. rufi.
Norway ta ma fi matsananci idan ana maganar tunnel ta Drill da Blast kuma ta tsawan shekaru da yawa tana gyara hanyoyin da za a iya toshewa da fashewa zuwa kamala.Tare da yanayin saman tsaunuka a Norway da kuma dogayen fjords masu tsayi a cikin ƙasa, buƙatar ramukan ramuka a ƙarƙashin fjord na Babban Hanya da Rail yana da mahimmanci kuma yana iya rage lokacin tafiya sosai.Norway tana da ramukan tituna sama da 1000, wanda shine mafi girma a duniya.Bugu da kari, Norway kuma gida ce ga masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki marasa adadi tare da ramukan penstock da ramuka wadanda Drill da Blast suka gina.A cikin lokacin 2015 zuwa 2018, a cikin Norway kadai, an sami kimanin miliyan 5.5 na tono dutsen karkashin kasa ta Drill da Blast.Kasashen Nordic sun kammala fasahar Drill da Blast kuma sun bincika fasahohinta da na zamani a duk duniya.Har ila yau, A Tsakiyar Turai musamman a cikin ƙasashen tsaunuka Drill da Blast har yanzu hanya ce mai fa'ida a cikin rami duk da tsayin ramukan.Babban bambanci ga ramukan Nordics shine mafi yawan ramukan Alpine suna da simintin siminti na ƙarshe na Cast-In-Place.
A Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka, da kuma a cikin yankunan Dutsen Rocky akwai yanayi iri ɗaya kamar a cikin Nordics tare da ƙwararrun dutsen da ke ba da damar yin amfani da tsiro da fashewa.Wasu misalan sun haɗa da Jirgin karkashin kasa na New York City, Ramin Eisenhower a Colorado da Mt McDonald Tunnel a cikin Rockies na Kanada.
Ayyukan sufuri na baya-bayan nan a New York kamar jirgin karkashin kasa na Biyu da aka kammala kwanan nan ko aikin Gabas ta Gabas ya sami hadewar TBM da aka haƙa rami mai gudana tare da Tasha Caverns da sauran sarari na taimako ta Drill da Blast.
Yin amfani da jumbos na rawar soja ya kasance cikin shekaru da yawa ya samo asali daga na farko da aka gudanar da atisayen hannu ko jumbos guda ɗaya zuwa na'ura mai sarrafa kanta Multiple-Boom Jumbos inda ake ciyar da tsarin rawar soja a cikin kwamfutar da ke ba da izinin hakowa cikin sauri da tsayin daka zuwa farkon. - saita daidai ƙididdiga ƙirar rawar soja.(duba hoto na 2)
Jumbos na hakowa na ci gaba suna zuwa a matsayin cikakke mai sarrafa kansa ko na atomatik;a cikin tsohon, bayan kammala ramin ramin ya sake komawa kuma yana motsawa ta atomatik zuwa matsayi na gaba kuma ya fara hakowa ba tare da buƙatar matsayi ta mai aiki ba;don haɓakar semi-atomatik mai aiki yana motsa rawar jiki daga rami zuwa rami.Wannan yana bawa ma'aikaci ɗaya damar iya sarrafa jumbos yadda ya kamata tare da haɓaka har zuwa uku tare da amfani da kwamfutar da ke kan allo.(duba hoto na 3)
Tare da ci gaban Rock Drills daga 18, 22, 30 da kuma har zuwa 40 kW na tasirin tasiri da kuma babban aikin motsa jiki tare da masu ba da abinci da ke riƙe da sandunan 20 'drifter da kuma yin amfani da Tsarin Ƙara na'ura mai sarrafa kansa (RAS), ci gaba da sauri. na hakowa ya inganta sosai tare da ainihin ƙimar gaba har zuwa 18' a kowane zagaye da rami ya nutse tsakanin 8 - 12 ft/min dangane da nau'in dutsen da rawar da aka yi amfani da shi.Jumbo 3-boom mai sarrafa kansa mai sarrafa kansa yana iya yin rawar 800 - 1200 ft/hr tare da Sandunan Drifter 20 ft.Amfani da sanduna 20 FT na dillali yana buƙatar ƙaramin ƙaramin rami (kimanin 25 FT) don ba da damar haƙon kusoshi na dutse daidai da axis na rami ta amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya.
Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan shine amfani da jumbos masu aiki da yawa da aka dakatar daga kambin rami yana barin ayyuka da yawa suyi tafiya lokaci guda kamar hakowa da mucking.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da jumbo don shigar da ƙuƙumman lattice da shotcrete.Wannan hanyar ta mamaye ayyukan bi-da-biyu a cikin tunneling wanda ke haifar da ceton lokaci akan jadawali.Duba hoto na 4.
Yin amfani da emulsion mai girma don cajin ramukan daga wata babbar motar caji daban, lokacin da ake amfani da jumbo na difloma don batutuwa da yawa, ko kuma a matsayin wani abin da aka gina a cikin jumbo na rawar soja lokacin da ake tono kan guda ɗaya, yana zama ruwan dare sai dai in ba haka ba. akwai ƙuntatawa na gida don wannan aikace-aikacen.Ana amfani da wannan hanya a wurare daban-daban na duniya, tare da caje ramuka biyu ko uku a lokaci guda;za a iya daidaita taro na emulsion dangane da abin da ake caje ramukan.Ramin da aka yanke da ramukan ƙasa ana caje su tare da maida hankali 100% yayin da ramukan kwane-kwane ana caje su da ƙarancin haske na kusan 25% maida hankali.(duba hoto na 5)
Yin amfani da emulsion mai girma yana buƙatar mai haɓakawa a cikin nau'i na sanda na fashe fashe (primer) wanda tare da fashewar ana saka shi zuwa kasan ramukan kuma ana buƙata don kunna babban emulsion da aka jefa a cikin rami.Yin amfani da emulsion mai girma yana rage lokacin caji gabaɗaya fiye da harsashi na gargajiya, inda za'a iya cajin ramuka 80 - 100 / hr daga motar caji sanye take da famfun caji biyu da kwanduna mutum ɗaya ko biyu don isa cikakkiyar sashin giciye.Duba Hoto 6
Amfani da na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi da manyan motoci har yanzu ita ce hanyar da ta fi dacewa don yin mucking a haɗe tare da Drill da Blast don ramukan da ke samun damar shiga saman.A cikin yanayin samun shiga ta ramuka za a ɗauki laka mafi yawa ta hanyar ɗora hannu zuwa ramin inda za a ɗaga shi zuwa saman don ƙarin jigilar zuwa wurin zubar da ƙarshe.
Duk da haka, yin amfani da na'urar murkushewa a fuskar rami don rushe manyan dutsen don ba da damar canja wurin su tare da bel mai ɗaukar kaya don kawo ƙugiya zuwa saman wani sabon abu wanda aka haɓaka a tsakiyar Turai sau da yawa don dogon ramukan ta cikin Alps.Wannan hanya tana rage yawan lokacin da ake yin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa, musamman ga dogayen ramuka da kuma kawar da manyan motocin da ke cikin rami wanda hakan ke inganta yanayin aiki da kuma rage ƙarfin iskar da ake buƙata.Hakanan yana 'yantar da ramin jujjuyawar don ayyukan kankare.Yana da ƙarin fa'ida idan dutsen yana da irin wannan ingancin wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da jimillar.A wannan yanayin ana iya sarrafa dutsen da aka murkushe ɗan ƙaramin aiki don wasu fa'idodi masu fa'ida kamar su siminti, ballast ɗin dogo, ko pavement.Don rage lokaci daga fashewa zuwa aikace-aikacen Shotcrete, a cikin lokuta inda lokacin tsayawa zai iya zama matsala, ana iya amfani da Layer na farko a cikin rufin kafin a yi mucking.
Lokacin da ake tono manyan sassan giciye tare da rashin kyawun yanayin dutse Hanyar Drill da Blast yana ba mu damar raba fuska zuwa taken da yawa da kuma amfani da Hanyar Hakowa Tsari (SEM) don tono.Ana amfani da tukin matukin jirgi na tsakiya wanda ke biye da ɗigogi na gefe a cikin SEM a cikin rami kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin siffa 7 don babban kan tono tasha ta 86th akan aikin jirgin karkashin kasa na Biyu a New York.An hako saman saman a cikin tudu uku, sannan kuma an binne shi da tonowar benci guda biyu don kammala sashin giciye mai tsayi 60' fadi da 50'.
Domin rage kutsawar ruwa a cikin rami a lokacin hakowa, ana yawan amfani da tonowa kafin hakowa.Tun kafin hako dutsen ya zama tilas a cikin Scandinavia domin a magance buƙatun muhalli game da ɗigon ruwa a cikin rami domin rage tasirin gini kan tsarin ruwa a ko kusa da saman.Ana iya yin tono-ƙasa na farko don dukan rami ko don wasu wuraren da yanayin dutsen da tsarin tsarin ruwa na ƙasa ke buƙatar grouting don rage kutsawar ruwa zuwa adadin da za a iya sarrafawa kamar a cikin ɓarna ko yanki mai ƙarfi.A cikin zaɓaɓɓen ramukan bincike na farko, ana hako ramukan bincike 4-6 kuma ya danganta da ruwan da aka auna daga ramukan bincike dangane da abin da aka kafa na grouting, za a aiwatar da grouting ta hanyar amfani da siminti ko sinadarai.
Yawanci fanka mai tonowa kafin a tono ya ƙunshi ramuka 15 zuwa 40 (tsawon 70-80 ft) da aka haƙa a gaban fuska kuma a tono kafin a tono.Adadin ramukan ya dogara da girman rami da adadin ruwan da ake tsammani.Ana yin tonon sililin da barin yankin aminci na 15-20 ft bayan zagaye na ƙarshe lokacin da aka yi bincike na gaba da hakowa na gaba.Yin amfani da sandar sandar sarrafa kayan aiki (RAS), da aka ambata a sama, yana sa shi sauki da sauri don yin rawar gani da ƙarfin ramuka tare da ƙarfin 300 zuwa 400 ft / hr.Abubuwan da ake buƙata kafin hakowa ya fi dacewa kuma abin dogaro yayin amfani da hanyar Drill da Blast idan aka kwatanta da amfani da TBM
Amintacciya a cikin rami mai fashewa da fashewar fashewar ya kasance babban damuwa koyaushe yana buƙatar tanadi na musamman na matakan tsaro.Baya ga al'amuran aminci na gargajiya a cikin rami, gini ta Drill da Blast hadurran da ke fuska ciki har da hakowa, caji, sikeli, mucking, da sauransu. ƙara ƙarin haɗarin aminci waɗanda dole ne a magance su kuma a tsara su.Tare da ci gaban fasahohi a cikin fasahohin Drill da Blast da kuma amfani da tsarin rage haɗarin haɗari ga bangarorin aminci, aminci a cikin rami ya inganta sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Misali, tare da yin amfani da hakowa mai sarrafa kansa tare da tsarin rawar sojan da aka ɗora a kan kwamfutar da ke kan jirgin, babu buƙatar wani ya kasance a gaban gidan wasan motsa jiki don haka rage yuwuwar bayyanar ma'aikata ga haɗarin haɗari kuma ta haka yana ƙaruwa. amincin su.
Mafi kyawun fasalin da ke da alaƙa da aminci shine ƙila Tsarin Ƙara Rod (RAS) mai sarrafa kansa.Tare da wannan tsarin, yafi amfani da dogon rami hakowa dangane da pre-hakowa grouting da bincike rami hakowa;za'a iya yin hawan hakowa ta atomatik ta atomatik daga ɗakin masu aiki kuma kamar haka yana kawar da haɗari ga raunuka (musamman raunin hannu);in ba haka ba an yi ƙara ƙarar sanda da hannu tare da ma'aikata suna fuskantar raunuka lokacin ƙara sanduna da hannu.Ya kamata a sani cewa Ƙungiyar Tunneling ta Norwegian (NNF) ta ba da a cikin 2018 littafinta mai lamba 27 mai suna "Safety in Norwegian Drill and Blast Tunnelling".Littafin yana yin jawabi a cikin tsari na matakan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, aminci da kula da muhalli yayin yin rami ta amfani da hanyoyin Drill da Blast kuma yana ba da mafi kyawun aiki ga masu ɗaukan ma'aikata, ma'aikata da ma'aikatan ginin rami.Littafin yana nuna yanayin fasaha cikin aminci na Drill and Blast ginin, kuma ana iya sauke shi kyauta daga gidan yanar gizon Tunneling Society na Norwegian: http://tunnel.no/publikasjoner/engelske-publikasjoner/
Drill da Blast da aka yi amfani da su a cikin madaidaicin ra'ayi, har ma don dogayen ramuka, tare da yuwuwar raba tsayi zuwa jigo da yawa, har yanzu na iya zama madaidaicin madadin.An sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci kwanan nan a cikin kayan aiki da kayan aiki wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen aminci da haɓaka aiki.Ko da yake aikin tono na injina ta amfani da TBM ya fi dacewa ga dogayen ramuka tare da sashin giciye akai-akai, duk da haka idan aka sami karyewa a cikin TBM wanda ya haifar da dogon tsayawa, duk rami ya tsaya cik yayin da a cikin aikin Drill da Blast tare da taken da yawa. Har yanzu gine-gine na iya ci gaba ko da an ci karo da matsalolin fasaha.
Lars Jennemyr kwararre ne Injiniyan Gina Ramin Ruwa a ofishin AECOM na New York.Yana da kwarewar rayuwa a cikin ayyukan karkashin kasa da ayyukan tunnel daga ko'ina cikin duniya ciki har da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, Afirka, Kanada da Amurka a ayyukan sufuri, ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.Yana da gogewa sosai a tunnel ɗin na al'ada da na injina.Ƙwarewarsa ta musamman ta haɗa da gina rami na dutse, iya ginawa, da tsara gine-gine.Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai: Titin Subway na Biyu, Tashar St. 86 a New York;Layin Layin Jirgin karkashin kasa na No. 7 a New York;Mai Haɗin Yankin Yanki da Tsawon Layi na Purple a Los Angeles;Citytunnel a Malmo, Sweden;aikin Kukule Ganga Hydro Power Project, Sri Lanka;Uri Hydro Power Project a Indiya;da Tsarin Dabarun Najasa na Hong Kong.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-01-2020